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"Since a day is 12 hours, then a night is also 12 hours. "
Really? What about in Alaska? (My point has to do with context of time and place in the Bible)
If all three men are trying to keep the Sabbath, then the man who stayed home would observe Saturday.

The context isn't about the sabbath, but about the time that Christ spent in the grave. The reason for quoting the verse was to show that there is a scriptural precedent, from the mouth of Christ, to show that he can and did consider a day and a night more than just "part" of day and night.

God didn't command Sabbath keeping for the whole world, just the Jews in Israel.

You're right in that he didn't give the sabbath commandment for the whole world. He only gave it to all of those who wish to worship the one, true God. This included Israel AND gentiles:

Exo 20:10 But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates:

That sabbath commandment is the only one of the ten commandments that God said specifically that non-Israelites, strangers, should observe.

There was no time conflicts for the Jews of Israel when this was in effect.

The sabbath varies, as you pointed out, from place to place. Wherever you are, at sunset, on the 7th day, begins the sabbath. There is scriptural precedent for this in the book of Daniel where Daniel was in captivity in Babylon and kept the sabbath according to the local sunset on the 7th day.

You don't run into these conflicts with moral laws, just the ceremonial law of the Sabbath.

Sure you do. It's called "moral relativism" and it's often the justfication for breaking all of God's commandments. And the sabbath is a moral law.

"The reason for quoting the verse was to show that there is a scriptural precedent, from the mouth of Christ, to show that he can and did consider a day and a night more than just "part" of day and night."

Context is everything, though. Like I posted to Diego, I work varying shifts, so when my wife asks, "How was your day?" she isn't talking about my last 24 hours. She's also not even limiting it to the daylight hours. However, she also asks me, "How many days will you be gone this month?" and the direction is toward a 24 hour day answer. I'm sure that in Jesus's day there were phrases that had multiple meanings.

Besides, you skipped the reality that night and day in Alaska is more then 12 hours. So was Jesus lieing, or are you making a contextual assumption?

"This included Israel AND gentiles:"

Again, this is OT times. Jesus nor the Apostles EVER command it to the Gentiles of the new covenant.

"Sure you do. It's called "moral relativism" and it's often the justfication for breaking all of God's commandments."

So you think that you could go to the deep jungles of Brazil and find a tribesman that would know that Sabbath breaking is wrong, just like murder, stealing, etc.? The point is that the moral laws are written on all of our hearts, and the ceremonial ones (like circumcision and Sabbath keeping) aren't. If you don't see that, then there probably nothing further I can say.

Sincerely