USO Canteen FReeper Style ~ Conclusion: Ancient Egyptian Military ~ July 29, 2003

MilitaryHistory.com ~ from the Internet | July 29, 2003 | LaDivaLoca

[LaDivaLoca]

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ANCIENT WARFARE



The oldest remaining documentation of military campaigns come from the Middle East where the Egyptians, Assyrians, Hittites, and Persians were the main combatants. Read about the rise of standing armies and how battles were fought 4000 years ago.

Continuation of Part I: Ancient Egyptian Military

Thutmose III: The Battle of Megiddo

  An alliance of Canaanite cities was headed by the king of Kadesh on the Orontes and the king of Megiddo. In order to suppress them Thutmose III marched his army in ten days from his border fortress of Sileh to Ghaza, the main Egyptian stronghold in Canaan. After another eleven days they reached Yaham, where they held a war council.

    It was known that the Canaanites had concentrated their forces near Megiddo to which there were three access routes: The northern and southern routes were longer than the central route through Aruna, but were less easily defendable. The generals had, as it turned out wrong, intelligence about the Aruna route being blocked by Canaanite forces and counselled the pharaoh to take the Yokneam or Taanakh route.

'Now two (other) roads are here. One of the roads ( behold, it is [to the east of] us, so that it comes out at Taanakh. The other ( behold, it is to the north side of Djefti, and we will come out to the north of Megiddo. Let our victorious lord proceed on the one of [them] which is [satisfactory to] his heart, (but) do not make us go on that difficult road!' Inscription from the Amen Temple at Karnak.
J. B. Pritchard Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 1969: p. 234.

    Thutmose rejected the arguments of his generals, set out on the Aruna route and reached the river Qinah south of Megiddo without encountering any opposition.

    It was then that the disposition of the Canaanite forces became clear. A contingent of footsoldiers guarded the southern road from Taanakh, while the northern approaches of Megiddo were held by more infantry. The chariots were concentrated around Megiddo itself, waiting for the Egyptian forces to attack the footsoldiers who would quickly retreat as if they were fleeing.The pursuing Egyptians would break ranks and could be attacked by the hidden Canaanite charioteers.

Behold, His Majesty has come forth together with his victorious army and they have filled the valley; let our victorious lord hearken to us this once, and let our lord await for us the rear of his army and his people. When the rear of the army has come right out to us, then we will fight against these Asiatics and we shall not have no trouble about the rear of our army.

    The Egyptians rested during the night and disposed their forces in three wings. The attacking Canaanites were routed and so hotly pursued, that the defenders of Megiddo refused to open the gates and pulled their fleeing charioteers over the walls to safety. Instead of attacking the city the Egyptians began to loot the abandoned camps, which gave the Canaanites time to organise their defense.

Would that the army of His Majesty had not set their hearts upon looting the chattels of those enemies, for they would have captured Megiddo at that moment, while the vile enemy of Kadesh and the vile enemy of this town were being hoisted up.

    The conquest of Megiddo and its inhabitants was vital; and it fell after a siege of seven months.

All the princes of all the northern countries are cooped up within it. The capture of Megiddo is the capture of a thousand towns.

    Thutmose led many more campaigns into Canaan, and eight years after the battle of Megiddo he took Kadesh on the Orontes. Following the conquest of Retenu, he built a big navy, which was instrumental in his extending Egyptian influence over much of the littoral Near East. His army could reach any coastal town in Syria by ship in four to five days, while by foot the journey would take more than a fortnight. Surprise became a major weapon in his arsenal.

  Thutmose III (c.1504-1450 BC) was very young when his father, Thutmose II, died and was until 1482 the co-regent of his aunt, Hatshepsut. When he became sole monarch,he tried to erase the memory of Hatshepsut by destroying many of the monuments which bore her name or effigy. From 1482 onwards, he devoted himself to the expansion of the Egyptian empire, leading many campaigns into Canaan, Phoenicia and Syria.
    At Megiddo (1480) he destroyed a Syrian-Canaanite coalition employing mercenary armies and chariots. On the east bank of the river Euphrates in Nahrin, he defeated the forces of the kingdom of Mitanni, which had been extending its power in the Middle East.
    Thutmose expanded his navy and used it to transport his armies swiftly to the Phoenician coast, while in Setet (Nubia) and Kush he extended his rule beyond the fourth cataract.
    He set up an efficient administration, both civil and military, and extorted large amounts of tribute from the defeated kings and chiefs. Much of this tribute Thutmose used to build temples at Karnak (the Festival Hall of the temple of Amen), Heliopolis and Abydos.

Campaign of Seti I in Northern Palestine

Seti I Mer-ne-Ptah (1318-c.1304 BC)

The Beth Shan Stela

Year 1, 3rd month of the third season, day 10.

Live the Horus: Mighty Bull, Appearing in Thebes, Making the Two Lands to Live; the Two Goddesses: Repeating Births, Mighty of Arm, Repelling the Nine Bows; the Horus of Gold: Repeating Appearances, Mighty of Bows in All Lands; the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands: Men-maat-Re [Ir]-en-Re; the Son of Re, Lord of Diadems: Seti Mer-ne-Ptah,(full titulary of Seti I) beloved of Re-Har-akhti, the great god. The good god, potent with his arm, heroic and valiant like Montu, rich in captives,
(5)
knowing (how to) place his hand, alert wherever he is; speaking with his mouth, acting with his hands, valiant leader of his army, valiant warrior in the very heart of the fray, a Bastet terrible in combat, penetrating into a mass of Asiatics and making them prostrate, crushing the princes of Retenu, reaching the (very) ends of (m) him who transgresses against his way. He causes to retreat the princes of Syria (Kharu), all the boastfulness of whose mouth was (so) great. Every foreign country of the ends of the earth, their princes say: "Where shall we go ?" They spend the night giving testimony in his name, saying: "Behold it, behold it? in their hearts. It is the strength of his father Amen that decreed to him valor and victory. On this day one came to speak to his majesty, as follows:
(15)
"The wretched foe who is in the town of Hamath is gathering to himself many people, while he is seizing the town of Beth-Shan. Then there will be an alliance with them of Pahel. He does not permit the Prince of Rehob to go outside." (Generally all the cities are near Beth-Shan.) Thereupon his majesty sent the first army of Amen, (named) "Mighty of Bows," to the town of Hamath, the first army of the
(20)
Re, (named) "Plentiful of Valor," to the town of Beth-Shan, and the first army of Seth, (named) "Strong of Bows," to the town of Yanoam. (See Karnak inscription on felling trees near Yanoam.) When the space of a day had passed, they were overthrown to the glory of his majesty, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Men-maat-Re; the Son of Re: Seti Mer-ne-Ptah, given life. Pritchard, James B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton, 1969., pp., 253-254.

    Seti I conducted his first Canaan campaign in the first year of his reign. The battles were fought only in the northern part of the country and the southern part was not lost even during the decline of Egyptian power prior to the accession of the 19th dynasty. Seti conquered Hatzor and Beth Anath, followed the Phoenician coast up north of Gebal and continued into the Mountains of Lebanon. One of his reliefs depicts him felling Lebanese cedars.

    The excavations at Beth Shan (Beit Shean) uncovered two victory stelae, which proves that even on his first campaign he passed through Beth Shan, setting up order in this region. The rebels, the kings of Hamath and Pahel, tried to capture the town Beth-Shan, the Egyptian stronghold in this region. They besieged Rehob, a town south of Beth-Shan, which was opposed to their activities.

    Seti sent three divisions (Amen, Re and Suteh) to relieve Beth-Shan, capture the rebellious Hamath and Yanoam, which lay south of the Lake of Tiberias on the road to Hatzor and dominated the passage of the River Jordan. This action considerably strengthened the Egyptian hold over Canaan.

    The second stela had been used as a doorstep during the Byzantine Period and had been thought to be illegible for a long time. It describes the attack by the Apiru from Mount Yarmath (Yarmuta) - the town of Yarmoth-Ramath north of Beth Shan, near the crusader castle of Belvoir - on Egyptian held territory, and the Pharaoh's reaction:

His Majesty ordered some of his soldiers and of his many chariots to go to the mountain of Djahi. After two days they returned unharmed from the mountain of Ya... (Yarmath) with offerings, prisoners and booty...

    From the reliefs of Seti I we learn that he fought against the Hittites. He even reached Kadesh and erected a victory stela there. But the war against the Hittites was concluded only seventy years later after the Battle of Kadesh.

Ramses II: The Battle of Kadesh, c.1299 BC

    The decisive war between the Egyptians and the Hittites for the control over Syria took place in the fifth year of the reign of Ramses II. The battle of Kadesh resulted from the defection of Amurru to Egypt. While the Hittites wanted to bring Amurru back into the fold, the Egyptians tried to protect their new vassal. Using Karkemish as a base for their operations, the Hittites decided Kadesh offered the best opportunities for the coming battle. Muwatalli had called on his allies, among them Rimisharrinaa, king of Aleppo

    ... the Sun, the Great King of Hatti, son of Mursili, and all the House of Suppiluliuma, will be allies of the king of Aleppo. The gods of Hatti and the gods of Aleppo will be witnesses and guarantors of this treaty.

    The country of Kizwadna

    which had belonged to Hatti in the times of Suppiluliuma and had been aquired by the Hurri, belongs again to Muwatalli. Its king will send one hundred horses equipped [with chariots] and a thousand footsoldiers to the army of the Sun, who will provide for them.

    Similar treaties had been concluded with most of Hatti's neighbours, resulting in a hotchpotch, not the most reliable kind of army a king could lead into battle.

    The army of Ramses on the other hand consisted mostly of Egyptians, with a few Nubian contingents and some Sherden mercenaries and recruits from Amurru. The chariots were manned exclusively by Egyptian noblemen.

    The Hittite army was hiding behind the tell of Kadesh, but Ramses believed false rumors that his enemy was still near Haleb. After beating the truth out of two captured Hittites, he held a council of war and the vizier in a chariot and a rider on horseback were dispatched south to hasten the progress of the Ptah division.

    While the Amen division was setting up camp, 2500 Hittite chariots attacked the marching Re division in two waves. The other two Egyptian divisions were still on the far side of the river Orontes (Arnath).

    G.Cavillier casts doubts on the possibility of the Hittite army being able to hide from the view of the Egyptians and cross the Orontes in sufficient numbers in a very short time to be able to mount a surprise attack. [1] - but they seemingly did not have to cross the Orontes itself but only the small brook el Mukadiyeh, being stationed on the fields between the river and the town.

  The Hittites began pillaging the Egyptian camp, and the Pharaoh, fighting among his body guard with his back to the river, looked lost.












At this time, a force from Amurru arrived unexpectedly, surprised the pilfering Hittites and drove them out of the camp.
    (In the Kadesh reliefs the na'runa, who successfully defended the camp, are equated with sDm-aS (Sedjemash), which accords well with the meaning of Ugaritic n'rm. The na'runa were according to this interpretation camp-followers: servants, grooms and others).

    Muwatalli sent an additional 1000 chariots led by the kings of Aleppo and Karkhemish, two of his own brothers and many allied princes, but kept most of his infantry to himself on the far side.

 
Ramses reorganized his forces and the Hittites escaped being surrounded by the Egyptians by retreating towards Kadesh.
    After receiving a message from Muwatalli, Ramses decided to retreat. According to the Egyptians, the "wretched, vanquished chief of Hatti" pleaded with the pharaoh

    Suteh are you, Baal himself, your anger burns like fire in the land of Hatti... Your servant speaks to you and announces that you are the son of Re. He put all the lands into your hand, united as one. The land of Kemi, the land of Hatti, are at your service. They are under your feet. Re, your exalted father, gave them to you so you would rule us. Is it good, that you should kill your servants? ... Look at what you have done yesterday. You have slaughtered thousands of your servants ... You will not leave any inheritance. Do not rob yourself of your property, powerful king, glorious in battle, give us breath in our nostrils.

    The route through the Biqa'a valley being considered too risky, it was decided to take the route east of it, through Upe in the region of Damascus.

    The battle of Kadesh should perhaps not be called a battle in the strictest sense of the word, but rather a large-scale skirmish preceding the decisive encounter which in the end never took place. Nevertheless, Muwatalli was able to rob his opponent of the initiative and eliminated about a third of his troops.
    The failure of Ramses' campaign was a result of his tactical mistakes. He did not send enough scouts to explore the countryside sufficiently, the divisions were separated by up to 15 kms from each other and there was no adequate protection of the flanks. Still, the king blamed his troops

    None of you was there... None rose to lend me his hand in my fight... None of you came later to tell the story of his heroic deeds in Egypt.... The foreigners who saw me, praise my name to the end of all lands where I was not known... Since ancient times a man was honoured for his fighting abilities, but I will not reward any of you, as you have abandoned me when I was alone fighting my enemy.

    Ramses described the campaign as a splendid victory, while in reality Kadesh remained in Hittite hands, Amurru fell to the Hittites and the Egyptian losses were substantial.

Egyptian accounts of the battle of Kadesh: 1) The introduction to the poem of Pentaur, 2) The official record

Picture of the battle

---

[1]     Apart from the scenes in which Qadesh itself is represented with some bridges over its encircling moats, it is clear that, if in May the Orontes was at its lowest point, it is also true that a quick transfer of chariots in some kind of temporary wooden bridges would have taken a lot of time. A chariot might require an overall space of about 5 x 2.5 m, so that an ordinary crossing of a bridge needed at least two pairs of chariots. Thus, an entire group of 200 or 300 chariots with an average speed of 20 km/h could cross a bridge at least in one or two hours, to reconstruct the attack order. Hence, certain practical limits can be set on the Hittite surprise attack on Ra-division in march. It is impossible to assume that the Hittite charioteers, who attacked and crashed through the midst of Ra, were only the " first battle line" of the group itself. Breaking a compact force of 5000 men in march - like an Egyptian division - needs a prolonged attack of a massive chariot-force. In this circumstance it is right to assume that a chariot-force marshalled to fight in a open plain, like those of Qadesh, would have been visible at the advancing column of the Ra-division. Similarly, the advancing of Hittite forces (chariots and infantry) from their encampment to cross the Orontes, in correspondence with the line of march of Ra, would have been visible from the Egyptian camp. From Some Tactical Remarks on the Battle of Qadesh by Giacomo Cavillier
(University of Rome "La Sapienza")

[LaDivaLoca]

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[LaDivaLoca]

A good morning to my fellow Canteeners,
our Military, Veterans, Allies and your families



Have a wonderful day!


I'm off to work. See you all later.

[Radix]

Good Mooning?

[MeekOneGOP]

Mornin', everybody ! Happy Tuesday !

82 degrees as I post this, headin' for 101 today. Thunderstorms possible . . .

Have a cup while you FReep !

For those who prefer hot chocolate.....

[minor49er]

Good Morning Everybody. Good Morning Troops.
Where is everybody?
It's dead out there.
And could someone please ping MoJo2001 for me? It didn't recognize his name on mine.

[SouthernHawk]

...Similar treaties had been concluded with most of Hatti's neighbours, resulting in a hotchpotch,
not the most reliable kind of army a king could lead into battle...

Good Morning LaDiva! The comment above reminds me of us having to go to the UN!
Good morning to our military and good morning to the whole Canteen crew.

Warm up exercise for today . . . . .

A new guy in town walks into a bar and reads a sign that hangs over the bar... FREE BEER! FREE BEER
FOR THE PERSON WHO CAN PASS THE TEST! So the guy asks the bartender what the test is.

Bartender replies "Well, first you have to drink that whole gallon of pepper tequila, the WHOLE thing at once
and you can't make a face while doing it. Second, there's a 'gator out back with a sore tooth...you have to
remove it with your bare hands. Third, there's a woman up-stairs who's never had an orgasm. You gotta
make things right for her." The guy says, "Well, as much as I would love free beer, I won't do it. You have
to be nuts to drink a gallon of pepper tequila and then get crazier from there.

Well, as time goes on and the man drinks a few, he asks, "Wherez zat teeqeelah?"

He grabs the gallon of tequilla with both hands, and downs it with a big slurp and tears streaming down his face.
Next, he staggers out back and soon all the people inside hear the most frightening roaring and thumping,
then silence. The man staggers back into the bar, his shirt ripped and big scratches all over his body.

"Now" he says "Where's that woman with the sore tooth?"

[aomagrat]

Today's classic warship, USS Canberra (CA-70)

Baltimore class heavy cruiser
Displacement: 13,600 t.
Length: 673’5”
Beam: 70’10”
Draft: 20’6”
Speed: 33 k.
Complement: 1,142
Armament: 9 8”; 12 5”; 48 40mm; 24 20mm; 4 Aircraft

USS CANBERRA (CA-70) was launched 19 April 1943 by Bethlehem Steel Co., Quincy, Mass.; sponsored by Lady Alice C. Dixon; and commissioned 14 October 1943, Captain A. R. Early in command.

CANBERRA departed Boston 14 January 1944 and sailed via San Diego to embark passengers for Pearl Harbor, arriving 1 February. She rendezvoused with TF 58 on 14 February and took part in the capture of Eniwetok. The cruiser steamed from her base at Majuro to join the YORKTOWN (CV-10) task group for the raids on the Palaus, Yap, Ulithi, and Woleai (30 March-l April), then got underway from the same base 13 April for air strikes against Hollandia and Wakde in support of the Army landings on New Guinea. CANBERRA joined with the ENTERPRISE (CV-6) task group for fighter sweeps against Truk, then bombarded Satawan, rejoining the carriers for further strikes on Truk (29 April-1 May).

After a raid against Marcus and Wake Islands in May 1944, CANBERRA sailed from Majuro 6 June to participate in the Marianas operation, including the far-flung Battle of the Philippine Sea, and the supporting air strikes and bombardment to neutralize bases in the Bonins. Following replenishment at Eniwetok, CANBERRA sailed 29 August for raids on the Palaus and the Philippines, and to back up the Morotai landings (15-16 September).

On 2 October 1944, CANBERRA sailed in company with TF 38 for air strikes on Okinawa and Formosa in anticipation of the forthcoming landings on Leyte. On 13 October, only 90 miles off Formosa, close to the enemy and far from safe harbor, CANBERRA was struck below her armor belt at the engineering spaces by an aerial torpedo which blew a huge, jagged hole in her side and killed 23 of her crew instantly. Before damage control could isolate the compartments, some 4,500 tons of water rushed in to flood her after fireroom and both engine rooms, which brought the cruiser to a stop. Then began one of the most notable achievements of the war in saving wounded ships. CANBERRA was taken in tow by WICHITA (CA-45). The task force reformed to provide escort for her and HOUSTON (CL-81) who had been torpedoed on the morning of the 14th. Retiring toward Ulithi, "Cripple Division 1" fought off an enemy air attack which succeeded in firing another torpedo into HOUSTON. Admiral Halsey (CTF 38) attempted to use the group, now nicknamed "Bait Division 1," to lure the Japanese fleet into the open, but when the enemy sortied from the Inland Sea, air attacks from the rest of TF 38 roused enemy suspicions of the trap, and the Japanese force withdrew. CANBERRA and her group continued unmolested to Ulithi, arriving 27 October, 2 weeks from the day she was hit. The cruiser was towed to Manus for temporary repairs, thence departed for permanent repairs at Boston Navy Yard (16 February-17 October l945). CANBERRA returned to the west coast late in 1945 and was placed out of commission in reserve at Bremerton, Wash., 7 March 1947.

CANBERRA received seven battle stars for World War II service.

Reclassified CAG-2, 4 January 1952, CANBERRA was towed from Bremerton to New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N.J., where she was converted to a guided missile heavy cruiser. Her after 8" turret was replaced by Terrier antiaircraft missile launchers and she was otherwise modernized. CANBERRA was recommissioned 15 June 1956, part of the sweeping revolution that is increasing the United States' seapower for peace. Local operations from her home port of Norfolk and Caribbean exercises were conducted until 14 March 1957 when she carried President Dwight D. Eisenhower to Bermuda for a conference with Prime Minister Harold MacMillan of Great Britain. On 12 June, she served as a reviewing ship for the International Naval Review in Hampton Roads, with Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson embarked. After a midshipman training cruise to the Caribbean and Brazil (13 June-5 August), she departed Norfolk 3 September to participate in NATO Operation "Strikeback," sailing on to the Mediterranean for duty with the 6th Fleet before returning home 9 March 1958.

In the spring of 1958, CANBERRA was designated as ceremonial flagship for the selection of the unknown servicemen of World War II and Korea to be buried with honor at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery. The cruiser rendezvoused off the Virginia Capes 26 May with BLANDY (DD-943) carrying the Unknown of the European Theater, and BOSTON (CAG-1) carrying the unknowns of the Pacific Theater and the Korean War. After BLANDY had transferred her Unknown to BOSTON, all three caskets were highlined to CANBERRA, where the selection between the two Unknowns of World War II was made. The selected casket along with the Korean Unknown was returned to BLANDY for transportation to Washington, D.C., and the unselected Unknown was buried at sea with military honors by CANBERRA.

CANBERRA carried midshipmen on a training cruise to Europe (9 June-7 August 1958), then after a brief visit to New York, entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard for overhaul.

Departing from the normal operating schedule, CANBERRA sailed from Norfolk on 3 March 1960 on a good-will cruise around the globe, flying the flag of Rear Admiral J. McN. Taylor, Commander of the Atlantic Fleet, Cruiser Force and Cruiser Division 6. On this cruise, he took his flagship to the South Pacific, where her namesake had sunk, where she had engaged the enemy in 1944 and where he had served. On this cruise CANBERRA operated with both the 7th and 6th Fleets as she sailed across the Pacific, through the Indian Ocean, Suez, the Mediterranean, and across the Atlantic. She arrived home in Norfolk on 24 October. For the remainder of the year she operated on the east coast.

She took part in the Cuban Quarantine in the fall of 1962 and, in October 1963, was transferred to the Pacific Fleet. The Vietnam War soon became the focus of her final half-decade. Conducting her first combat deployment since the World War II, she spent the first several months of 1965 off Southeast Asia. A second Vietnam deployment followed in February-June 1966 and a third lasted from October 1966 until April 1967. During these operations her six remaining eight-inch guns were extensively employed for shelling enemy positions in both North and South Vietnam.

Bombardment duty dominated Canberra's next two war tours, in October 1967-April 1968 and from September 1968 to January 1969. This gunnery emphasis, plus the outdated nature of her "Terrier" guided missile system, caused her reclassification back to a heavy cruiser in May 1968, when she regained her original hull number, CA-70. Canberra's missile launchers and guidance radars were removed in 1969, following the end of her last Vietnam cruise. Soon thereafter, in October 1969, she arrived at San Francisco, California, to begin inactivation work. Decommissioned in early February 1970, USS Canberra was stricken from the Naval Vessel Regiser in July 1978 and sold for scrapping in July 1980.

Big guns in action! (The navy spent all that money converting her to missiles, only to have her to use her original WWII guns in Vietnam. Big guns rule!)

[68-69TonkinGulfYachtClub]

Click on the pic and I'll guide you
to the start of today's thread





Please Thank someone in the military for ensuring our Freedom.
Take a moment and Thank a Service Man or Woman.
Just Click on the graphic to SEND an e-mail.


Click Here to Sign
the Bob Hope Memorial Tribute

[SouthernHawk]

Ping for you MoJo from the "Minor49er".

[tomkow6]

SALUTE!

 

 

[tomkow6]

Good morning, Diva! Good morning, Canteen Crew! Good morning, EVERYBODY!

GOOD

MORNING

TROOPS!!

[SouthernHawk]

Good Morning Meek!

Heading for 101 ! ! ! - Sounds like you need a trip to Alaska!

[tomkow6]

 

Chicagoland Weather

 

Currently
55°

Fair

	Hi: 81

	Lo: 55

5 Day Forecast

WED

THU

FRI

SAT

SUN

Mostly Sunny

High:	83
Low:	65

Isolated Thunderstorms

High:	83
Low:	64

Isolated Thunderstorms

High:	82
Low:	65

Isolated Thunderstorms

High:	83
Low:	66

Isolated Thunderstorms

High:	84
Low:	64

 

[SouthernHawk]

Have a great day at work ! Thanks for another of your great threads.

[tomkow6]

Today's FEEBLE attempt at humor:

 A man phones a mental hospital and asks the receptionist if there is anybody in Room 27.

She goes and checks, and comes back to the phone, telling him that the room is empty.

"Good," says the man. "That means I must have really escaped."

[68-69TonkinGulfYachtClub]

[SouthernHawk]

Good Morning Aomagrat! Thanks for another beautiful ship's story.

I think what you said about converting to missles, but using the BIG GUNS, is a interesting point!

[68-69TonkinGulfYachtClub]

Good MOONING!



Thank You for today's thread
and for everything you do for the military and the Canteen.

[SouthernHawk]

Good Morning Tom !

Did you hear that somewhere over in Africa the archeologists have found some "Petrified Burkas"?

[SouthernHawk]

Good Morning Tonk! Have a great day! Thanks for the link.

I have added my "spark".