Posted on 09/05/2015 1:47:06 PM PDT by iowamark
Are you confused about the claim that Ted Cruz is not a natural-born citizen, with all its attendant disinformation? Well, here is your answer.
We have gathered together the top arguments of those who challenge Senator Cruzs eligibility to serve as president, along with exhaustive research and links to original sources, and condensed it all into one, bite-sized yet authoritative piece. We have done all the work for you, assembling a definitive reference you can use any time you hear someone say that Ted Cruz is ineligible to run for and serve as president.
So without any further ado, here are the Top Ten Birther*Arguments against Ted Cruzs eligibility, and the reasons they are completely wrong.
Argument 1 Natural-born citizen (NBC) and Citizen at birth (CaB) have completely different meanings.
Answer No, they do not. They are synonymous. If you think the idea they arent synonymous is silly, you may not need to go on, because unless it is true, the entire debate is over. You would also be in agreement with the Congressional Research Service, which published a paper in 2011 reaching the same conclusion. Trying to argue that they do not mean the same thing is akin to claiming the terms dog and domestic canine mean completely different things. The burden of proof rests with the Eligibility Challengers. I have never heard or read anyone provide any proof whatsoever for the contention these terms have different meanings. There is no case law, and nothing else in the U.S. code or the Constitution itself, lending support to the idea that the two terms have separate meanings. Claims to the contrary are dealt with serially throughout this primer.
Argument 2 Cruz isnt qualified because hes not a natural-born citizen; let him stay in the Senate where hes doing some good.
Answer If Cruz isnt qualified to serve as president, he isnt qualified to serve in the Senate either, because he is not a citizen at all. There are only two types of citizenship: natural-born, and naturalized. If Cruz is not a NBC, he is not a citizen at all, because he has never been naturalized. I have heard and read many arguments put forth by Eligibility Challengers to the effect that while Cruz is not natural-born, he is still a citizen. The impossibility of this claim is supported by case law.
Argument 3 A NBC is someone born on U.S. soil, whose parents are BOTH citizens.
Answer This is false. The term NBC comes to us from English Common Law. This fact is confirmed and supported by judicial precedent. And at the time of the founders, the legal definition of NBC was more sophisticated and complex. It included children born on English soil, as well as children born on foreign soil, whose fathers were English subjects. This was in fact the standard for establishing citizenship at birth for most of the world at the time. The only distinction between then and now is that women are now considered legally equal to men, so that citizenship status may flow from either parent, not just the father. That is unless you want to try to make the argument citizenship status should ONLY flow from the father to the child, and the mothers status doesnt count. Good luck making that argument.
Argument 4 The Framers used the definition of NBC established by Emer de Vattel in his book The Law of Nations, which requires native birth, and TWO citizen parents.
Answer First, as noted above, the term NBC comes from English Common Law, not from Vattel, who did not use that term in writing his book. Second, there is no evidence the Framers gave Vattels work any special weight or influence when writing the Constitution. Vattel was a committed monarchist, and many of his views were antithetical to the Framers. Finally, Vattel did NOT use the two-parent citizens standard in his recognition of what he called indigènes.
Argument 5 The Supreme Court case The Venus establishes a legal precedent defining the meaning of NBC
Answer No, it does not. There is no such language in the opinion written in this case. Eligibility Challengers point to a quotation of Vattels The Law of Nations that is contained in the ruling, and claim it creates legal precedent establishing a definition of NBC. The trouble is the Venus was not a unanimous decision by the court. The passage quoted comes from the dissenting opinion of Chief Justice John Marshall. Dissenting opinions do not carry any legal authority or precedent. And as has already been established earlier, Vattel is not regarded as either the source of the meaning of NBC, or even particularly influential upon the Framers.
Argument 6 The Supreme Court case Shanks vs. DuPont establishes a legal precedent defining the meaning of NBC
Answer No, it does not. There is no such language in the opinion. The case is somewhat complicated, and concerns the question of when a woman by the name of Ann Shanks actually lost her citizenship status in order to determine the disposition of her estate after her death, not whether or not she was a citizen. The particulars took place during a unique time in history, that being the War for Independence with Great Britain, and Shanks citizenship status was controlled by a combination of factors, including her fathers choice to support the Colonials as opposed to the British, her age at the time of his death, and the particulars of the Treaty of Paris, which established the terms to end the war. The only precedent concerning citizenship established by this case is that one cannot gain or lose citizenship through marriage, even if that marriage is to an alien of a belligerent nation.
Argument 7 The Supreme Court case Dred Scott vs. Sanford establishes a legal precedent defining the meaning of NBC
Answer No, it does not. There is no such language in the opinion. As with The Venus, eligibility challengers are relying again on a quote taken from Vattel incorporated in one of the opinions written in the decision, but once again it is not the majority opinion of the court, but a separate opinion written by Justice Peter Vivian Daniel, and as with The Venus, it carries no legal weight or influence. AND as has been established elsewhere, Vattel was still not the source of authority for the meaning of NBC. (Apparently, however, he was quite influential on Supreme Court Justices writing minority opinions!)
Argument 8 The Supreme Court decision Minor vs. Happersett establishes a legal precedent defining the meaning of NCB
Answer No, it does not. There is no such language in the opinion. You can find a detailed analysis of the case here. I find the fact eligibility challengers ever refer to this case to be really ironic. Minor was a suffrage-era case in which a woman, Virginia Minor, argued that being a citizen by birth, she could not be denied the right to vote. The Supreme Court agreed that she was a citizen by birth (obviously), but that did not give her any such rightindeed, that the Constitution did not guarantee anyone such a right. The irony is the precedents this decision does establish actually defeat many of their own arguments. These include the Courts finding that Congress could define the meaning of NBC, and that there were only two types of citizen, NBC and naturalized.
Argument 9 The Supreme Court case United States vs. Wong Kim Ark has nothing to do with the question of NBC, because Wong Kim Arks citizenship came from the 14th Amendment.
Answer This case is something of an inconvenient truth for eligibility challengersfirst, because it is one of the most important court cases in U.S. history dealing with citizenship, and second, because rather than supporting their argument, it undermines it. It is truly shocking to see how many eligibility challengers dont bother to read the cases they cite, as you will sometimes hear them claim that this case somehow proves their contentions about the definition of NBC. Quite the reverse is true. Wong Kim Ark clearly establishes English Common Law as the source of the Framers understanding of NBC, and that anyone born on U.S. soil, regardless of their parentage, obtains their citizenship at birth. By the way, this precedent also covers Sen. Marco Rubio, who some eligibility challengers also like to claim is not a NBC because his parents were not citizens at the time of his birth. Rubio was born in the United States, and so is a NBC.
Argument 10 The Supreme Court case Perkins vs. Elg establishes a legal precedent to the effect that NBC requires TWO citizen parents
Answer No, it does not. There again is no such language in the opinion. The typical claim is that the opinion says the only reason Perkins was a CaB is that her parents were both naturalized citizens, and this means you must have TWO citizen-parents in order to be a CaB. The opinion says nothing of the sort, and in fact actually makes clear the fact that her status as a citizen is established by her birth on U.S. soil alone.
It actually all boils down to just one argument
The first thing one must understand is the entire eligibility-challenger argument as it pertains to Ted Cruz is based on two assertions:
Briefly, these two assumptions are vital to ALL arguments made by eligibility challengers, because, as noted earlier, NBC and CaB are synonymous terms, and the definition of CaB is contained in Title 8, Subsection 1401 of the U.S. Code. By claiming the two terms are not synonymous, they believe they can dispense with the definition contained in 1401 altogether. This is vital to their arguments, because under 1401, Cruz is clearly qualified to serve as president. This is not some dodge or loophole as eligibility challengers may imply, this law is many decades old, and predates Cruzs birth. Subsection 1401 has been the controlling legal authority on the definition of who is a natural-born citizen, a.k.a. citizen at birth, since its codification, and in fact is supported by Supreme Court precedent as well as all our history. Vattel, Wong Kim Ark, Shanks and all the rest is just window dressing.
In conclusion, not a single argument put forth by the eligibility challengers holds up. Each is either a misinterpretation at best or an outright falsehood at worst. Arguing over this issue has become a waste of time much better spent on other things. Unfortunately, there are a few folks who continue to cling to this view, and equally unfortunate is the often venomous attitude they display toward anyone who disagrees with them. Most of the arguments you may encounter will consist of one or more of the claims we have covered above. And most of the time, they will count on you not bothering to actually try to research or verify what they claim a particular court case says. Consider this your Cliff Notes on all their argumentsa concise, documented reference to all that is wrong about their claims.
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*Birther Although this term is proudly worn by some, it is often used as a demeaning pejorative, which is not our intent. Unfortunately, it is also the only widely recognized term for those who argue against the eligibility of Cruz, Obama, Rubio and others, based on their misunderstanding (or to be fair, their misrepresentation in some cases) of U.S. law. To avoid the appearance casual insult, we have substituted the term Eligibility Challengers throughout most of this work.
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Additional research and documentation can be found here:
Primer on the Eligibility of Ted Cruz for President in 2016: Part 1 Did Vattels The Law of Nations provide the Framers definition of Natural Born Citizen? by Patrick Colliano
Primer on the Eligibility of Ted Cruz for President in 2016: Part 2 An Analysis of Minor vs. Happersett, by Patrick Colliano
Primer on the Eligibility of Ted Cruz for President in 2016: Part 3 Analysis of The Venus, Wong Kim Ark, Shanks vs. DuPont and other SCOTUS precedents dealing with Citizenship, by Patrick Colliano
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About the authors A very common accusation hurled at anyone skeptical of Birther theories is that they are motivated by simple political partisanship, so it is worth noting that Mr. Colliano and Mr. Conterio occupy opposite ends of the political spectrum on most issues.
Mr. Colliano is comfortable being described as generally liberal. No supporter of Ted Cruz, he says Even as I was writing my essays, the news was reporting his one-man filibuster of the Affordable Care Act. I had to ask myself again why I was bothering to spend my time and creativity defending this guy. The answer, of course, is that its right. If Cruz wins the next Presidential election, especially by a narrow margin, I could end up kicking myself for it. But Ted Cruz, like all candidates for public office, deserves to be judged upon his merits, not rejected on the basis of some ridiculous misconception that he is not eligible.
Mr. Conterio is unabashedly conservative in his views, as regular readers of WFP will undoubtedly know. He says I was actually beguiled by the early reports and arguments that Obama may not be a natural-born citizen, but was quickly disabused of the idea after spending an afternoon verifying Obamas parentage, and going straight to the U.S. Code to see what it says about being a natural-born citizen. I knew at that point it was foolishness. Today, I probably have just as many conservatives who dont like me as liberals, due to my persistent habit of debunking their claims about Obama, Cruz, or Rubio. It is way past time we move beyond the birther phenomenon.
The media helped him and the Backstabbing GOPe helped him.
They wouldn’t dare.
This part is correct. The rest of what you write is all dreck. At least I presume it is. I didn't bother reading it. I've read your opinion before, and it's seldom "non-dreck."
I just have a bad habit of launching into attack mode when certain key-words are employed. One of them is "naturalization act of 1790."
My apologies.
It is close enough. The Courts will not admit to having made a mistake. They take General Custer's attitude from the movie "Little Big Man."
You're miserable life is not worth the reversal of a Custer decision. "
I'm kinda thinking he was born in Canada... to a Kenyan Father.
Of course we are talking about Obama, not Cruz.
Where is that written in the Constitution? Which article? Which section?
Who is it that resolves cases and controversies concerning the proper interpretation of natural law?
Article II, Section 1 has not been amended, its been interpreted by the courts.
Tell it to the judge. Don’t try to kill the messenger.
“To hold that Wong Kim Ark is a natural-born citizen within the ruling now quoted, is to ignore the fact that at his birth he became a subject of China by reason of the allegiance of his parents to the Chinese Emperor. That fact is not open to controversy, for the law of China demonstrates its existence. He was therefore born subject to a foreign power; and although born subject to the laws of the United States, in the sense of being entitled to and receiving protection while within the territorial limits of the nationa right of all aliensyet he was not born subject to the ‘political jurisdiction’ thereof, and for that reason is not a citizen. The judgment and order appealed from should be reversed, and the respondent remanded to the custody of the collector.”— Government’s Brief, U.S. v Wong Kim Ark
Subject and citizen are, in a degree, convertible terms as applied to natives; and though the term citizen seems to be appropriate to republican freemen, yet we are, equally with the inhabitants of all other countries, subjects, for we are equally bound by allegiance and subjection to the government and law of the land.
every child born in England of alien parents was a natural-born subject, unless the child of an ambassador or other diplomatic agent of a foreign state, or of an alien enemy in hostile occupation of the place where the child was born.
The same rule was in force in all the English colonies upon this continent down to the time of the Declaration of Independence, and in the United States afterwards, and continued to prevail under the constitution as originally established.”—Majority Opinion, U.S. v Wong Kim Ark
We’ll all have to wait and see if anyone files suit against Senator Cruz. Thus far, no one of any political ideology has challenged his eligibility in court.
Did you see any evidence of Obama trying to put the eligibility issue to rest and get it behind him?
The object of primary season is to knock off as much of the low hanging fruit as you can, as quickly as you can.
If Senator Cruz rises much above his current 8%-10% share, I expect his birth in Canada will be brought up by other candidates.
Trump already has. Link
I believe that you are not correct. Only one federal case that I am aware of obtained Article III standing. The others never reached the merits because they ruled that there was no standing. That means that the anti-Cruz forces will be able to obtain standing based on the case were standing was found and bring the case to the merits. Or a candidate as crazy as Sanders could file suit. Lack of standing does not create any precedent for a party with standing. Since there is no actual legal precedent, liberal judges will jump on board the anti-Cruz ship. Wait and see.
The Supreme Court has also said that the term "natural born citizen" is simply an adaptation to our form of government of the English term "natural born subject." And in the opinion where that is analyzed at length, the term is sometimes written "natural born citizen" and sometimes "natural-born citizen." The hyphen doesn't affect the meaning.
There is a constitutional provision for the president-elect being found unqualified for office. In that case, the vice president elect becomes president. If both don’t, the Congress picks a temporary until an election qualifies a president.
20th amendment
“If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.”
Of course we are talking about Obama, not Cruz.
Who's line is it anyway?
In the same section it says the "sky is blue" and "water is wet." It is an axiomatic, self evident fact. It does not need to be explicitly enumerated because the founders did not contemplate idiots reading what they wrote.
Who is it that resolves cases and controversies concerning the proper interpretation of natural law?
It's appears that nobody does. It's a grab what you can when you are in power sort of system now. Thanks Obama! A corrupt system is an appropriate legacy fro a corrupt man.
Article II, Section 1 has not been amended, its been interpreted by the courts.
Yeah, well they gave us "Gay" marriage, so we can't cite them as an authority anymore.
No, they're idiots. You can't tell them anything. We just need to ignore their stupid opinions to the extent we can get away with.
They jumped the shark.
Subject and citizen are, in a degree, convertible terms as applied to natives;
Yeah, except for the fact that Jefferson tossed out the term "Subject" and replaced it with "Citizen."
You would have us believe it's a word change without a meaning change. No, it's a meaning change too.
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