Giant Methane Storms On Uranus

IFLScience.com ^ | 10MAR2015 | Helen Maynard-Casely

[Jack Hydrazine]

Most of the times we have looked at Uranus, it has seemed to be a relatively calm place. Well, yes its atmosphere is the coldest place in the solar system. But, when we picture the seventh planet in our solar system invariably the image of a calming blue hazy disc that the spacecraft Voyager 2 took in 1986 comes to mind.


Uranus as seen by NASA’s Voyager 2 NASA/JPL-Caltech

However, all we have previously known about the atmosphere of Uranus has been ’thrown to the wind’ with observations made last year.

In August 2014 a group led by Imke de Pater pointed the Keck telescope at Uranus and were a little bit surprised to see storms raging. It wasn’t as though clouds haven’t been seen before, but the clouds they spotted last year were very much brighter than any seen before. The fact that the storms are bright in the methane spectrum isn’t a surprise – Uranus, and its neighbour Neptune, are pretty much just big balls of methane, water and ammonia (but it does make for a snigger-worthy headline).



Light from Uranus, as captured from my backyard in Sydney. The dips in the spectrum mainly correspond to methane (positions of the methane absorption is shown by the blue lines). Andy Casely

The storms are described in a paper recently published in Icarus, with the pre-print available here. After the first observations, the group put out a call to amateur astronomers to see if they could also observed this unusual activity too. They did, and with this information the group built a case to point the Hubble Space telescope at Uranus, which happened in October. Again, they saw large storms, showing that what they had seen in August hadn’t been a one off event - the weather report on Uranus is looking rather unsettled.


The storms on Uranus, as seen from the Keck telescope. Imke de Pater (UC Berkeley), Larry Sromovosky and Pat Fry (U. Wisconsin), and Heidi Hammel (AURA)

Uranus was the first planet to be discovered in the ‘recent’ era of science. All the planets up to Saturn were observed to be different ‘wandering’ stars by many ancient cultures – so we’ll never know who first spotted them. But Uranus was first observed in 1690 by John Flamsteed. He plotted it six times – but didn’t realise it was different from any other star (he catalogued it to be 64 Tauri). The French astronomer Pierre Lemonnier also observed Uranus, but didn’t distinguish it from the other stars he was watching. It was William Herschel who realised, in 1781 after thinking it was a comet, that he’d seen a planet orbiting further from the sun than Saturn.

Despite knowing where it was for over 300 years, we’ve only in the last decade started to take a detailed view of the Northern hemisphere of Uranus. The observations made by de Pater and her team are the first time this giant region of our solar system has been surveyed by modern telescopes from Earth. This is because of the very strange rotation, which makes Uranus pretty unique.

Our Earth rotates on its axis tilted only slightly from being straight up (if we define up as being perpendicular to a planet’s orbital plane). It is this tilt that drives our seasons.

Uranus has the most extreme tilt of axis in the whole solar system, it is inclined 98° from up. This means Uranus has the most extreme seasons – as each hemisphere of the planet faces the sun as it orbits (a cycle that take 84 years). The upshot is that as the Northern hemisphere has been in winter until recently, and from Earth we have been unable to see it. In 2007 Uranus reached it’s equinox, with the equator pointing at the sun and each of the two hemispheres illuminated.


Uranus' strange orbit explained. M. Showalter/M. Gordon/SETI Institute

The group observed Uranus with the Keck telescope as it past equinox seven years ago. They expected to see storm activity, as parts of the planet that haven’t seen the sun in 20 years started to come to light. They thought it has gone quiet again, which is why 2014’s storms took them by surprise. Added to this is the fact the storms are flaring up in the Northern hemisphere, the part of Uranus that is entering its spring, and thought not to have warmed up from its prolonged winter yet.

Where is the energy to drive these storms coming from? That’s the mystery. Storms on the other gas giants are thought to be fed by energy from their dynamic interiors. Voyager 2 saw that Uranus should have a dynamic interior (it has an active magnetic field like Neptune) but that little of this energy is reaching the atmosphere. This is why Uranus is the coldest planet in our solar system, parts of the atmosphere were observed to be a chilly -224°C.

What this observation of these giant storms really does highlight, is just how little we know about our solar system’s giant icy planets Uranus, and its neighbour Neptune. In the light of the fact that missions like Kepler are finding many other similar planets orbiting distant stars, we really need to sort this out. Hopefully knowing more about our ‘local’ planets will mean that we can understand much more about those further away.

Meanwhile, while we in Australia may have past our summer – think of the Southern hemisphere of Uranus where a 20-year winter is coming….

[StAntKnee]

Why do I keep having moments when everybody around me starts puking and running away, Alex?

[Kenny Bunk]

Because you are the epitome of a modern hip guy, I felt I had to share this with you. TV astrologers, many of'em a bit light in the loafers if you catch muh drift, finally handled the "Uranus Pronunciation Problem" by canning the giggly old 2-syllable
yeur-ANUS pronunciation and replacing it with the new, ever so much more elegant announcer-friendly, 3-syllable
YEUR-a-nus

So nowadays, the old yeur-ANUS pronunciation is used only when one is forced to speak of Barack Hussein Obama and/or Reggie Love/Larry Sinclair.

[Slings and Arrows]

It’s a pain in the asteroids.

[Mike Darancette]

Taco tuesday.

[colorado tanker]

OMG, now we know where all the greenhouse gases that should be warming the Earth have been hiding - they’re in Uranus!

[tumblindice]

I had to clean my bulldog’s south end with a rough wash cloth and warm soapy water in the kitchen the other day.
The house is closed up, it’s too cold to bathe him outside. He was crusty. His odor was making us ill.

Yeah, I really scrubbed him—squeaky clean, until his butthole was bright red. Now he smells like a sweet pea.

I just thought I’d share that with you.

[Gasshog]

Lets just calle it the Nasty Planet and leave it at that.

[Jack Hydrazine]

He gave you the ‘red eye’!

It’s similar to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter and the Great Dark Spot on Neptune!

[Jack Hydrazine]

“...Uranus is a name derived from Greek in contrast to the Roman Caelus.”

But Caelus is nowhere as near as much fun as Uranus! And the people back then knew it.

[Yaelle]

Obama’s Muslim Outreach NASA will be looking more deeply into Uranus.

[Jack Hydrazine]

That would be the best place to settle them all!

[Nowhere Man]

Methane? Uranus? I’m really convinced by this that God does have a sense of humor. B-)

[Slings and Arrows]

Where’s the fun in that...SCIENCE! Err, where’s the science in that, I mean.

[Nowhere Man]

The only thing missing is a reference to a "Black Hole"

It moved from Uranus to the White Hut. B-) (rimshot) badda-bing!!!!

[WTFOVR]

I would post a cogent reply - but I’m LOLing so hard that I can’t see straight!

[WTFOVR]

Is that why in recent years, some people pronounce the name of this planet “Urine-us” ...

Perhaps they’re into “Golden showers”?

[WTFOVR]

“Ouranos” ... Obviously the plural form of Uranus!

[Fresh Wind]

Jeez, I must be caught in a time warp. I feel like I’m back in junior high school.

[Hypo2]

“will not” LOL

that’s usually a palm place

[CincyRichieRich]

Our church has a beans and rice fast starting next week...we’ll be studying methane clouds in the more localized areas around here.

Thanks I needed a good laugh.