Posted on 01/22/2007 6:57:43 AM PST by Red Badger
GBL has developed a proprietary library of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes for a variety of applications
Green Biologics (GBL), an Oxfordshire (UK) biotechnology company, has received £560,000 (US$1.1 million) in funding to support the development of its fuel biobutanol product—Butafuel—from cellulosic biomass. The Department of Trade and Industry-led Technology Program is providing £250,000 (US$494,000), and shareholder investors and business angels are providing the rest.
Using its library of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes, GBL has isolated a cocktail of thermophilic microorganisms for the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis and release of fermentable sugars from biomass. The company plans to integrate this patented hydrolysis technology with a proprietary butanol fermentation process. Panel_image_biofuels3 The Butafuel process flow. Click to enlarge.
Green Biologics will partner with EKB Technology, a specialist in process technology, to develop the advanced fermentation process for butanol with improved yields.
The major barrier to butanol production has been the high cost of the conventional starch fermentation process. Our expertise in microbial strain development, together with EKB’s innovative process technology and the use of non-edible food stocks, should lead to a step change in the economic viability of the manufacturing process—we are aiming for a two- to three-fold reduction in cost. We are effectively using our knowledge of enzymology, microbial physiology and fermentation to optimize and ‘re-commercialize’ the butanol fermentation process. —Dr Edward Green, Green Biologics Founder & CEO
Butanol (C4H10O) is a four-carbon alcohol in widespread use as an industrial solvent. Originally produced by fermentation starting nearly 90 years ago (using Clostridia acetobutylicum), butanol shifted to becoming a petrochemically-derived product in the 1950s as the price of petrochemicals dropped below that of starch and sugar substrates such as corn and molasses. Virtually all of the butanol is use today is produced petrochemically.
Butanol has a number of attractive properties as a fuel. Its energy content is closer to gasoline than ethanol’s. It is non-corrosive, can be distributed through existing pipelines, and can be—but does not have to be—blended with fossil fuels. Butanol itself could be reformed for hydrogen for use in fuel cells, and the production process itself produces hydrogen.
In June 2006, BP and DuPont recently announced a collaboration with British Sugar to produce biobutanol in the UK. BP provides a route for butanol into the transport fuel market and aims to blend butanol with gasoline at its 1,200 filling stations. (Earlier post.)
Green Biologics Ltd was founded in 2003 by Dr Edward Green, Chief Executive Officer, and is located at Milton Park, Oxfordshire.
Rest In Peace, old friend, your work is finished.......
If you want on or off the DIESEL "KnOcK" LIST just FReepmail me........
This is a fairly HIGH VOLUME ping list on some days......
Butanol Ping!.........
I wonder what the oxides of nitrogen are in the exhaust stream when used as a direct gasoline replacement?
Given that butanol is an "oxygenate", oxides of nitrogen emissions should be lower than for gasoline.
What type of card jets do you need to use it as a fuel? What is the mixture ratio?
"July 14 to August 15, 2005 was the first run across the Nation on 100% Butanol. Demonstrating to the public that there is an alcohol made from corn that replaces gas right now if we had it. The sooner we start making BioButanol™ the sooner you will see it in your tank, go down the road - and stop Global Warming. The ’92 Buick Park Avenue got 24 miles per gallon on butanol with no modifications - normally gas is 22 mpg. That is a 9 % increase. In ten states Butanol reduced Hydrocarbons by 95%, Carbon monoxide to 0.01%, Oxides of Nitrogen by 37%, this in a 13 year old car with 60,000 original miles."
www.butanol.com
Just look at the quote in the comments section
We should be really careful about all of these bio-engineered organisms. Did you know that the miracle BT gene has made it into corn as far as Mexico? Monsanto didn't predict that, and we don't know what will happen when (not if) these new Frankensteins get loose. In our rush to save the world and make a lot of money doing it, there should be some careful consideration of how to keep these Genies in the bottle.
So they already have ideas, the environmentalist movement is more about being anti-capitalist than being pro-environment
Oh, I'm sure they'll "try". But their efforts thus far haven't succeeded in derailing bio-engineered foods. They've had a lot better luck with keeping SOME irradiated foods out of supermarkets.
There are major issues with butanol that may kill it as a fuel from an environmental perspective. Its low volatility and its water solubility. It has a BP of 117'C and is water soluble. It will leach into ground water in the same manner as MTBE, which was an additive and not the primary fuel. So there will likely be more butanol ground water contamination than there ever was for MTBE.
Aren't they mutually exclusive? If it evaporates easily, wouldn't it tend to dissapate instead of leaching into the soil?......
The bp of 117C is about the same as gasoline, so no real difference there. "Water solubility" is more of a problem with getting excess water in the fuel. Since this is an "even numbered" alcohol, I suspect there are already "critters" in the soil that will "eat" any spilled.
"n-Butanol demonstrates an overall low order of toxicity.3 Acute (24 hours or less in duration) overexposures may cause irritation to the eyes and skin or can be harmful if inhaled. Prolonged (greater than 24 hours), excessive exposure to vapors may cause serious adverse effects, and even death. Birth defects have been observed in animals exposed to high concentrations of n-butanol which also caused serious adverse effects to the exposed mothers.4 See Health Information."
"n-Butanol is practically non-toxic to aquatic organisms and birds on an acute basis. The material is readily biodegradable.5 "
http://www.dow.com/productsafety/finder/nbut.htm
It may be biodegradable, but it isn't something you want in your water table. It has a vapor pressure of 4 mmHg at 20'C and water has a vapor pressure of 17.5 mmHg at 20'C. So water will evaporte faster than n-butanol and, hence n-butanol will be concentrated as a result of simple evaporation. I don't know if it azotropes with water. It is a known mutagen and tetragen. Environmentalists will point to the potential for women having 3 headed babies as a major issue if this stuff percolates into well water from contaminated ground water. And it is likely to be in higher concentrations than MTBE ever was.
Here is the MSDS for it:
SIGMA-ALDRICH
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Date Printed: 01/22/2007
Date Updated: 12/22/2006
Version 1.14
Section 1 - Product and Company Information
Product Name 1-BUTANOL, 99.4+%, A.C.S. REAGENT
Product Number 360465
Brand SIAL
Company Sigma-Aldrich
Address 3050 Spruce Street
SAINT LOUIS MO 63103 US
Technical Phone: 800-325-5832
Fax: 800-325-5052
Emergency Phone: 314-776-6555
Section 2 - Composition/Information on Ingredient
Substance Name CAS # SARA 313
1-BUTANOL 71-36-3 Yes
Formula C4H10O
Synonyms Alcool butylique (French) * Butanol * n-Butanol
(ACGIH) * n-Butanol * 1-Butanol * Butan-1-ol *
n-Butan-1-ol * Butanolen (Dutch) * Butanolo
(Italian) * n-Butyl alcohol * 1-Butyl alcohol *
n-Butyl alcohol (OSHA) * Butyl hydroxide *
Butylowy alkohol (Polish) * Butyric or normal
primary butyl alcohol * CCS 203 * Hemostyp *
1-Hydroxybutane * Methylolpropane *
Propylcarbinol * Propylmethanol * RCRA waste
number U031
RTECS Number: EO1400000
Section 3 - Hazards Identification
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Flammable. Harmful.
Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to respiratory system and skin.
Risk of serious damage to eyes. Vapors may cause drowsiness and
dizziness.
Target organ(s): Central nervous system. Ears.
HMIS RATING
HEALTH: 2*
FLAMMABILITY: 3
REACTIVITY: 1
NFPA RATING
HEALTH: 2
FLAMMABILITY: 3
REACTIVITY: 1
*additional chronic hazards present.
For additional information on toxicity, please refer to Section 11.
Section 4 - First Aid Measures
ORAL EXPOSURE
If swallowed, wash out mouth with water provided person is
conscious. Call a physician.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing give
artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
In case of skin contact, flush with copious amounts of water for
at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Call a physician.
EYE EXPOSURE
In case of contact with eyes, flush with copious amounts of
water for at least 15 minutes. Assure adequate flushing by
separating the eyelids with fingers. Call a physician.
Section 5 - Fire Fighting Measures
FLAMMABLE HAZARDS
Flammable Hazards: Yes
EXPLOSION HAZARDS
Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and
flash back. Container explosion can occur under fire conditions.
In advanced or massive fires the area should be evacuated and
the fire should be fought from a remote explosion-resistant
location.
FLASH POINT
95 °F 35 °C Method: closed cup
EXPLOSION LIMITS
Lower: 1.4 % Upper: 11.2 %
AUTOIGNITION TEMP
343 °C
FLAMMABILITY
N/A
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Suitable: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as
"alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large
fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large
quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid
streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected
containers with flooding quantities of water.
FIREFIGHTING
Protective Equipment: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus
and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes.
Specific Hazard(s): Flammable liquid. Vapor may travel
considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back.
Specific Method(s) of Fire Fighting: Use water spray to cool
fire-exposed containers.
Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 2
PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN CASE OF LEAK OR SPILL
Evacuate area. Shut off all sources of ignition.
PROCEDURE(S) OF PERSONAL PRECAUTION(S)
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber boots, and heavy
rubber gloves.
METHODS FOR CLEANING UP
Cover with dry-lime, sand, or soda ash. Place in covered
containers using non-sparking tools and transport outdoors.
Ventilate area and wash spill site after material pickup is
complete.
Section 7 - Handling and Storage
HANDLING
User Exposure: Do not breathe vapor. Avoid contact with eyes,
skin, and clothing. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure.
STORAGE
Suitable: Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks,
and open flame.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Handle and store under inert gas. Hygroscopic.
Section 8 - Exposure Controls / PPE
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Safety shower and eye bath. Use nonsparking tools. Mechanical
exhaust required.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Respiratory: Use respirators and components tested and approved
under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN
(EU). Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are
appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose
combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as
a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole
means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Hand: Compatible chemical-resistant gloves.
Eye: Chemical safety goggles.
GENERAL HYGIENE MEASURES
Wash thoroughly after handling. Wash contaminated clothing before
reuse.
EXPOSURE LIMITS, RTECS
Country Source Type Value
USA ACGIH Ceiling co50 PPM
Remarks: Skin
USA MSHA Standard-air TWA 100 PPM (300 MG/M3)
USA OSHA. PEL 8H TWA 100 PPM (300 MG/M3)
New Zealand OEL
Remarks: check ACGIH TLV
USA NIOSH Ceiling co50 PPM (SK)
EXPOSURE LIMITS
Country Source Type Value
Poland NDS 50 MG/M3
Poland NDSCh 150 MG/M3
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 3
Poland NDSP -
USA OSHA. PEL 150 mg/m3
USA ACGIH TLV 50 ppm
152 mg/m3
Section 9 - Physical/Chemical Properties
Appearance Physical State: Clear liquid
Color: Colorless
Property Value At Temperature or Pressure
Molecular Weight 74.12 AMU
pH N/A
BP/BP Range 117.7 °C 760 mmHg
MP/MP Range - 90.0 °C
Freezing Point - 89.0 °C
Vapor Pressure 4 mmHg 20 °C
Vapor Density 2.55 g/l
Saturated Vapor Conc. N/A
SG/Density 0.811 g/cm3
Bulk Density N/A
Odor Threshold 0.83 ppm
Volatile% N/A
VOC Content N/A
Water Content N/A
Solvent Content N/A
Evaporation Rate N/A
Viscosity 0.003 Pas 20 °C
Surface Tension N/A
Partition Coefficient N/A
Decomposition Temp. N/A
Flash Point 95 °F 35 °C Method: closed cup
Explosion Limits Lower: 1.4 %
Upper: 11.2 %
Flammability N/A
Autoignition Temp 343 °C
Refractive Index 1.399
Optical Rotation N/A
Miscellaneous Data N/A
Solubility Solubility in Water:Soluble.
N/A = not available
Section 10 - Stability and Reactivity
STABILITY
Stable: Stable.
Conditions to Avoid: Moisture.
Materials to Avoid: Oxidizing agents, Alkali metals, Bases, Strong
acids, Halogens.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide.
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur
Section 11 - Toxicological Information
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
Skin Contact: Causes skin irritation.
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 4
Skin Absorption: May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation.
Inhalation: Material is irritating to mucous membranes and upper
respiratory tract. May be harmful if inhaled.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed.
TARGET ORGAN(S) OR SYSTEM(S)
Central nervous system. Ears. Liver. Kidneys. Blood.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE
Can cause CNS depression. Exposure can cause: Gastrointestinal
disturbances. Drying, cracking, or irritation of the skin.
TOXICITY DATA
Oral
Rat
2,500 mg/kg
LD50
Oral
Rabbit
3,400 mg/kg
LD50
4 HR.
Inhalation
Rat
8,000 ppm
LC50
Skin
Rabbit
5,300 mg/kg
LD50
Oral
Rat
790 mg/kg
LD50
Remarks: Blood:Other changes. Kidney, Ureter, Bladder:Other
changes. Liver:Fatty liver degeneration.
Inhalation
Rat
8,000 ppm
LC50
Intraperitoneal
Rat
1122 MG/KG
LD50
Intravenous
Rat
310 MG/KG
LD50
Oral
Mouse
2680 mg/kg
LD50
Intraperitoneal
Mouse
254 MG/KG
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 5
LD50
Remarks: Liver:Other changes.
Subcutaneous
Mouse
3200 MG/KG
LD50
Intravenous
Mouse
377 MG/KG
LD50
Oral
Rabbit
3484 mg/kg
LD50
Remarks: Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration:Dyspnea. Sense Organs and
Special Senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste):Eye:Corneal damage.
Cardiac:Pulse rate.
Skin
Rabbit
3400 mg/kg
LD50
Inhalation
Mammal
28,400 mg/m3
LC50
Oral
Bird (wild)
2500 mg/kg
LD50
IRRITATION DATA
Skin
Rabbit
Remarks: Mild irritation effect
Eyes
Rabbit
Remarks: Moderate irritation effect
Eyes
Human
50 ppm
Skin
Rabbit
405 mg
24H
Remarks: Moderate irritation effect
Skin
Rabbit
20 mg
24H
Remarks: Moderate irritation effect
Eyes
Rabbit
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 6
2 mg
Remarks: Severe irritation effect
Eyes
Rabbit
2 mg
24H
Remarks: Severe irritation effect
CHRONIC EXPOSURE - TERATOGEN
Species: Rat
Dose: 35295 MG/KG
Route of Application: Oral
Exposure Time: (1-15D PREG)
Result: Effects on Embryo or Fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus). Effects on Newborn: Biochemical and
metabolic.
Species: Rat
Dose: 23100 MG/KG
Route of Application: Oral
Exposure Time: (8W PRE/0-20D PREG)
Result: Specific Developmental Abnormalities: Craniofacial
(including nose and tongue). Specific Developmental
Abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system.
Species: Rat
Dose: 6000 PPM/7H
Route of Application: Inhalation
Exposure Time: (1-19D PREG)
Result: Effects on Embryo or Fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death,
e.g., stunted fetus).
Species: Rat
Dose: 8000 PPM/7H
Route of Application: Inhalation
Exposure Time: (1-19D PREG)
Result: Specific Developmental Abnormalities: Musculoskeletal
system.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE - MUTAGEN
Species: Hamster
Dose: 100 MMOL/L
Cell Type: lung
Mutation test: SLN
CHRONIC EXPOSURE - REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD
Species: Rat
Dose: 35295 MG/KG
Route of Application: Oral
Exposure Time: (1-15D PREG)
Result: Effects on Fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., #
females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females
pregnant per # females mated ). Effects on Fertility:
Pre-implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of
implants per female; total number of implants per corpora
lutea). Effects on Fertility: Post-implantation mortality (e.g.,
dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants).
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 7
Section 12 - Ecological Information
N/A
ACUTE ECOTOXICITY TESTS
Test Type: LC50 Fish
Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish)
Time: 24 h
Value: 1,855 mg/l
Test Type: LC50 Fish
Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow)
Time: 96 h
Value: 1,840 mg/l
Test Type: EC50 Daphnia
Species: Daphnia
Time: 24 h
Value: 1,855 mg/l
Section 13 - Disposal Considerations
APPROPRIATE METHOD OF DISPOSAL OF SUBSTANCE OR PREPARATION
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose
of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an
afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this
material is highly flammable. Observe all federal, state, and
local environmental regulations.
Section 14 - Transport Information
DOT
Proper Shipping Name: Butanols
UN#: 1120
Class: 3
Packing Group: Packing Group III
Hazard Label: Flammable liquid
PIH: Not PIH
IATA
Proper Shipping Name: Butanols
IATA UN Number: 1120
Hazard Class: 3
Packing Group: III
Section 15 - Regulatory Information
EU DIRECTIVES CLASSIFICATION
Symbol of Danger: Xn
Indication of Danger: Harmful.
R: 10-22-37/38-41-67
Risk Statements: Flammable. Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to
respiratory system and skin. Risk of serious damage to eyes.
Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness.
S: 7/9-13-26-37/39-46
Safety Statements: Keep container tightly closed and in
well-ventilated place. Keep away from food, drink, and animal
feedingstuffs. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately
with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Wear suitable
gloves and eye/face protection. If swallowed, seek medical
advice immediately and show this container or label.
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 8
US CLASSIFICATION AND LABEL TEXT
Indication of Danger: Flammable. Harmful.
Risk Statements: Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to respiratory
system and skin. Risk of serious damage to eyes. Vapors may
cause drowsiness and dizziness.
Safety Statements: Keep container tightly closed and in
well-ventilated place. Keep away from food, drink, and animal
feedingstuffs. Keep away from sources of ignition - no smoking.
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of
water and seek medical advice. Wear suitable protective
clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection. If swallowed, seek
medical advice immediately and show this container or label.
US Statements: Target organ(s): Central nervous system. Ears.
UNITED STATES REGULATORY INFORMATION
SARA LISTED: Yes
DEMINIMIS: 1 %
NOTES: This product is subject to SARA section 313 reporting
requirements.
TSCA INVENTORY ITEM: Yes
CANADA REGULATORY INFORMATION
WHMIS Classification: This product has been classified in
accordance with the hazard criteria of the CPR, and the MSDS
contains all the information required by the CPR.
DSL: Yes
NDSL: No
Section 16 - Other Information
DISCLAIMER
For R&D use only. Not for drug, household or other uses.
WARRANTY
The above information is believed to be correct but does not
purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The
information in this document is based on the present state of our
knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to
appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any
guarantee of the properties of the product. Sigma-Aldrich Inc.,
shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or
from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice
or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale.
Copyright 2007 Sigma-Aldrich Co. License granted to make unlimited
paper copies for internal use only.
SIAL - 360465 www.sigma-aldrich.com Page 9
And as far as your "scared environmentalists", gasoline is worse (can you say "benzene"). And yet we tolerate the use of gasoline with no comparable argument.
BS. Benzene and n-butanol are not comparable. Yes, benzene is nasty, but it has very, very limited water solubility and has much lower diffusion from gas storage tank leaks compared to water soluble materials like n-butanol. N-butanol would be more similar to MTBE, which isn't as bad as benzene, but gets out into the environment much more readily. Environmentalists will pick up on this and run with it. I'm not a rabid environmentalist, but on this one, I would be very cautious.
BS right back atcha. On searching a bit more, I find that butanol occurs in the enviroment as a natural result of anaerobic bacteria. So we're probably already exposed to it at some level.
Here, look at all dangers they list if you are exposed to simple table salt
MSDS sodium-chloride-ACS-reagent
But yes I agree with you, the anti-capitalist/environmentalist will use that to overhype it's dangers
So sure we are exposed to it, but chronic and acute effects are concentration dependent. A fuel blend with a significant proportion of n-butanol will leak far more than what would be in the natural, background levels and it will migrate with water.
Like I said in my previous post, ground water contamination is a legitimate subject of concern and needs to be studied. Caution before rushing to invest in this as a fuel is prudent.
I agree that MSDS's seem to exaggerate, but the Aldrich ones have a lot of physical data that is useful and that's why I like them. If you are an emergency responder or work with chemicals, the MSDS is a critical piece of information and their recommendations are not to be taken lightly. I know many bench chemists where I work who become very complacent with the chemicals around them and have the same view that an MSDS is an over cautious legal document to keep manufactuerers from getting sued. Then they get careless and, inevitably, a minor incident occurs that was preventable.
That view could not be farther from the truth. MSDS's are critical for the safe handling and use of materials. This is particularly true when large quantities of materials are involved. A gas storage tank containing several hundred gallons is a very different animal from a 25 mL lab sample when there's an emergency. If you look it up in the DOT Emergency Response Guidebook, n-butanol is labeled "May be poisonous if inhald or absorbed through skin" and has a few other health bullets for it. That is for emergency situations and is what first responders (fire fighters, police, ambulance and HAZMAT teams) go by. But that is a first responder situation and not a long term environmental issue. But the issue is that you do need to know how to read one and how to put risks in context. I, for one, would not was to be buried in sodium chloride. It would be an uncomfortably dessicating experience, even though it has a NFPA rating of 0/0/0.
Oh, I "get it" just fine. Having taken the time to actually look at the EPA website for info on the material. The stuff is already pretty much everywhere, in lots of widely differing amounts (for instance ~125 ppb in peas and lentils) from naturally occuring sources.
"So sure we are exposed to it, but chronic and acute effects are concentration dependent. A fuel blend with a significant proportion of n-butanol will leak far more than what would be in the natural, background levels and it will migrate with water."
And in that environment, the biodegradation process occurs, with a 67% reduction in 20 days---and most of the reduction happening in two days.
I'm QUITE sure that process continues to go on after 20 days.
"Like I said in my previous post, ground water contamination is a legitimate subject of concern and needs to be studied. Caution before rushing to invest in this as a fuel is prudent."
It appears that we already HAVE sufficient facts, and that groundwater contamination is unlikely to be a problem.
If you think 125 ppb (trace quantity) is comparable chemically or toxologically, to a 50 to near 100% mixture, you do not get it.
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