Posted on 03/26/2005 7:53:23 AM PST by Valin
A young historian's book on the 1937 atrocity unleashed a tide of repressed anguish and international recriminations that continue even after her suicide
THOSE who knew Iris Chang used to worry about how she could cope with the gloom of her chosen work. But when they visited the house in California that she shared with her husband and saw him playing with their two-year-old son by the swimming pool in the backyard, they were reassured.
The 36-year-old historian would sip lemonade with her friends at a Chinese café called the Tea House and, for a while, the torrent of terror that she frequently invited into her life would seem far away.
Were it not for the crinkled maps of China, the pictures of mass graves and the two desperately overstuffed Rolodexes on her desk, Chang might have been just another former high school homecoming queen from the aptly named Sunnyvale. But she had become one of the foremost young historians of her generation after publishing, seven years ago, a bestselling account of the Rape of Nanking, one of the worst episodes of human cruelty in recent history.
Her book brought international acclaim and controversy, and many spoke of a stellar future. It was not to be. In November she killed herself, no longer able to bear the weight of horrors from seven decades ago.
The Rape of Nanking in 1937 began with the march of invading Japanese soldiers up the Yangtse River. They occupied the Chinese capital of the time and soon conquest was followed by bloodlust. Soldiers slaughtered between 100,000 and 300,000 civilians sheltering in a few city blocks. Slowly.
Over a six-week period, up to 80,000 women were raped. But it wasn’t so much the sheer numbers as the details that shock — fathers forced at gunpoint to rape daughters, stakes driven through vaginas, women nailed to trees, tied-up prisoners used for bayonet practice, breasts sliced off the living, speed decapitation contests.
During the war the massacre was well known, but both Tokyo and Beijing preferred not to mention it over the four decades that followed.
Iris Chang was pitched into this maelstrom of history as a child when her immigrant parents, who had escaped from wartime China to the US, told their daughter how the Japanese “sliced babies not just in half but in thirds and fourths”. In the introduction to her book she wrote: “Throughout my childhood [the massacre] remained buried in the back of my mind as a metaphor for unspeakable evil.”
When, at 27, she read one of the few accounts of the atrocity still circulating in the West, she sensed a mission in life. “I was suddenly in a panic that this terrifying disrespect for death and dying, this reversion in human social evolution, would be reduced to a footnote of history, treated like a harmless glitch in a computer program that might or might not again cause a problem, unless someone forced the world to remember it.”
Chang soon made her first trip to China and sought out Sun Zhaiwei, a history professor in Nanjing, as Nanking is known today. “I provided her with an assistant and fixed appointments with some of the survivors,” he says. Chang was given free lodgings and unlimited access to archives on the tree-lined campus near where the Japanese breached the old city wall before beginning their slaughter.
When the book based on her research — The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II — was published two years later, it sold more than half a million copies and Chang became an instant celebrity in America. Hillary Clinton invited her to the White House and Stephen Ambrose, the doyen of US historians, described her as “maybe the best young historian we’ve got”.
She was also widely praised for the emotion and commitment she brought to her work. On book tours the slim, ponytailed author spoke with an intensity that few listeners expected. Many broke down by her side, feeling compelled to recount their own tales of horror even if these were unrelated to her subject.
Orphans, rape victims and Holocaust survivors all wanted to bare their souls to her, finally relieving themselves of agonies sometimes decades old. They felt encouraged by the passion that she brought to the sort of grievances few of them could tackle on their own.
Chang cried when they cried. She was enraged even when they no longer were. It was unthinkable for her just to pass the paper tissues and wait until people had composed themselves again. Chang invited memories of atrocity and abuse with a seemingly limitless appetite.
Dan Rosen, who heard Chang at the Holocaust Museum in Washington, said: “As with many speaking programmes there, it was 50 per cent elderly Jews, many of them war survivors, in the audience. I was overwhelmed by the warmth and immediacy with which they embraced and applauded Chang. It was an instance of bearing witness, of never forgetting, which is holy to the Jewish community. They related to her like a daughter, and vice versa.”
But her success had its price. The book became a touchstone of renewed rivalry between Japan and China. Both nations had been content to allow the massacre to fade into the past, but in the 1990s China found itself in the ascendant and a long-suppressed sense of outrage burst out. Anti-Japanese museums sprang up across the country. Japanese nationalists responded by attacking the book and its author. Death threats were issued.
Nobukatsu Fujioka, a right-wing commentator, campaigned to prevent publication of her book in Japan by citing a list of errors. He also published a book denouncing Chang as a propagandist funded by Japan-haters. The two volumes are still on prominent display in his Tokyo office.
“The pressure on her from Tokyo was unbearable,” says Yang Xiaming, one of Chang’s research assistants in Nanjing. “She was afraid of travelling to Japan because she feared for her life.”
But the Japanese attacks were the easy part. With her newfound fame, Chang felt compelled to visit Chinese communities around the globe to hear more horror stories of Japanese occupation, forced prostitution in so-called “comfort houses” and nerve gas experiments on prisoners in Manchuria. After these encounters with people who would often approach her in tears, she felt utterly drained even hours later. Friends said that she was beginning to look frail, and she admitted to them that her hair was coming out. The more of others’ suffering she absorbed, the more her old energy and intensity drained away. Each horror story seemed to pull her down a little farther.
At home in California Chang worked to exhaustion, often until she collapsed in her study. When travelling she became forgetful and irritable. Her mind was preoccupied with earlier decades and haunted by gruesome images. Flashbacks of Chinese photographs that she had uncovered in archives tortured her.
In the months before her death, Chang was researching a new book on Japanese wartime atrocities. Despite feeling unwell, she flew to Kentucky to interview survivors of the Bataan Death March. They recounted to her how thousands of American PoWs were killed during the occupation of the Philippines, some forced to bury their best friend alive or, if they refused, for both of them to be buried alive by a third friend, with the chain continuing until the Japanese soldiers found a PoW who complied.
Eventually Chang broke down and needed to be treated in hospital. Her husband, computer scientist Brett Douglas, was not surprised. “The accumulation of hearing those stories year after year may have led to her depression,” he says.
Douglas sent their two young children to live with their grandparents, and when Chang left hospital he tried to watch her movements. He was worried by her obsessive talk about how people would remember her. She was calling friends one by one in what seemed like a series of goodbyes.
On November 6 she spoke to Paula Kamen, whom she knew from university, and told her that she was struggling to deal with the magnitude of the misery she had uncovered, listened to and written about. She begged to be remembered as lively and confident. It was the last conversation they would have. Two days later, Chang was even more despondent than she had previously been. Her husband tried to calm her down but eventually fell asleep.
At some point in the night, Chang got into her white 1999 Oldsmobile, taking with her a six-round pistol that she had bought from an antique weapons dealer to defend herself from attackers. She drove to a country road, loaded the pistol with black powder and lead balls, aimed it at her head and fired. She was found a few hours later, along with a farewell note to her family.
Yet even in death Chang was not rid of the controversy. In recent memorial services across China, historians have blamed intense hostility from Japan for her death. The People’s Daily in Beijing hailed Chang as a “warrior full of justice” and a “dart thrown against the Japanese rightists”. In April the massacre museum in Nanjing will add a statue of Chang to its commemorative collection, in effect giving her the status of a massacre victim, with a finger pointed firmly across the Sea of Japan. The San Francisco Chronicle seemed to concur: “Many wonder if the gentle, sympathetic young woman was the massacre’s latest victim.”
Meanwhile, Japanese right-wingers interpreted her suicide as belated support for their contention that the massacre never happened. “By the end she must have known that her arguments were without merit. We exposed the lies in her book,” said Fujioka.
In Nanjing, Professor Sun Zhaiwei says that being an historian can be “torture of the mind”.
“Nuclear scientists wear protective clothing and have their health checked by doctors. Perhaps we historians of the extreme need similar measures. Yet for now we have to take care of ourselves.
“Maybe that was Iris’s problem — she cared for the dead but failed to take care of herself.”
Yes, it does.
There were also the poles. No one knows much about the polish people Hitler killed.
What is baffling is the fact that you never heard of the Rape of Nanking.
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A lot of people know quite a bit about the Poles killed by Hitler. It really is not much of a secret.
Maybe someday it will be p.c. to talk about it.
Pope John Paul was around in those days. He would have some idea, perhaps, although he was very young at the time.
Nanking (now called Nanjing) is not on the coast.
i know, it included river gunships
well it is worth noting that the japanese have largely shed the old system and adopted the US constitution almost verbatim. Blaming today's japanese is akin to demanding repatriations for slavery. The people who were responsible for these crimes were defeated and punished. There is no point in punishing the dependents.
But it doesn't get the attention that the Jews Hitler killed did. It may be more because
a) Hitler was able to turn Germans against their own country men
b) The process of dehumanising fellow citizens
c) That Jews have been persecuted through out history
""They aren't naive, though. Japan is a society that needs cops and a defense force.""
Elaborate please...
""But if I dig too deeply, I see a lot of unionize bullying and those that want to halt China making Christian products. ""
elaborate please...
Your post was VERY VERY interesting! I would be so greatful if you could explain the Walmart-Chinese-Christian connection.
All societies need a police force. What makes Japan so different?
""They also prevent any fair and honest history to be taught to Japanese children. This too is short sighted.""
Here in the US we have the opposite problem. We are allowing rabid anti American history to be taught to children.
""What is baffling is the fact that you never heard of the Rape of Nanking.""
It baffles me too. I never learned about it! I knew the Japanese were horribly cruel to American soldiers.
""A modern corollary is sports riots when opposing fans pour onto a field in mass mayhem. ""
Many experts believe that watching sports is actually the civilized non violent outlet for men to release their natural male agression. Ever see men watching sports, they are crazy, getting all red screaming, jumping up and down.
""Do you believe that all people are basically good, if left to their own devices?""
Well, I don't know. reminds me
I had an aupair German babysitter when I was about 11.
In Germany she lived with her mother and grandfather.
She just loved her grandfather since she had no present father. She told me about him, and he really sounded like a wonderful man who was very affectionate to her. Who took care of her and her mother. Who worked very hard. Who was a good person.
But when he was young he was a Nazi soldier.
Many young German men were. This aupair of mine had an aunt who took in and hid Jews. Her family was not Jew hating or hateful.
Her grandfather was not an evil person, but he was forced to do evil things. She knows he killed Jews, he never spoke about it.
It's one thing being a soldier and being forced to do something. It's quite another to actively go out of your way to kill Jews. Like the Commander who liked to line up Jews for fun or the soldiers who were told they could do whatever they wanted to Jews and did. And then there were the soldiers who followed orders because they had to. Because they were afraid for their own families.
I'm suprised of the resurgence of Anti Semetism in Europe and Germany now, because the way she told it, THEY HATED HITLER. "He wasn't even German!" she said. "He ruined the country!"
I don't know. It's one thing to follow orders, but it seems like many of these Japanese soldiers were enjoying this.
It is important to learn From history. Learning about Lynchings instills that is was wrong, it was a chapter of American history, and we have an obigation to make sure it never happens again. Learning from your mistakes it's about instilling values.
But some of these history courses are just rabidly anti American.
I think you said it best, history should be honest and fair. And American History is really something to be proud of.
because we were the only country founded under god, with the principles of freedom and rights. The founding fathers laid the FOUNDATION, and we built upon that.
The question of original sin is one each of us must evaluate and decide as part of putting together a mature view of life and human behavior. Even if you are not a Christian, you may elect to believe the doctrine as an explanation of the existence of evil in the world. Because even the most cursory study of history or psychology will show that, while there are some people and some cultures that are better and some that are worse, no one, however hard he tries, is ever perfect. No one can avoid doing wrong forever. Even the greatest saints have admitted doing wrong. Some of our most fundamental, hard-wired drives lead us to do things that cause harm.
As for your au pair's grandfather, I would make a few observations:
First, the fact that someone was a Nazi soldier does not necessarily mean that he killed Jews, or even had any contact with them. Most soldiers were fighting in the field, not guarding concentration camps.
Second, you will hardly find a German today, even among the older people, who will admit to being anti-Semitic. To hear them tell it they were all nobly stashing Jews in their cellars, and no one liked Hitler a bit; they were all just his helpless victims. Even today, they're all just the victims of those rotten Jews who keep reminding and reminding everybody about the Holocaust. There is such a thing as revisionism, and there is wishful thinking, as well.
And third, to get back to my initial paragraph, even good people do bad things or weak things. Later they may change, chastened by the spectacle of their own disgusting behavior, or by the lack of success their bad behavior brought. We are all complex.
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