--> YouTube-Generated Transcript <-- · Meow 0:05 · Meow. 0:08 · Cats aren't exactly known to follow the law, BUT, back in the land of Medieval Wales, 0:12 · there existed a set of laws known as 'Cyfraith Cath' -- the law of the cats [18], and across 0:16 · three different legal codes we are shown a fascinating picture of just how 0:20 · valuable this beast was in medieval society. There are laws about what they should look like, 0:25 · what their jobs are, and how much they're worth. And most importantly, 0:28 · if you wanted to become a medieval cat salesman, this video will teach you exactly how to do it. 0:34 · These are the medieval cat laws, laws for your medieval cat. · Assigning Monetary Value to Your Cat's Appearance 0:47 · Chapter 1: Assigning monetary value to your cat's appearance. 0:52 · What? You can't put a price on that face! Well, in medieval Wales you absolutely could [5][13][18]. 1:00 · I should clarify, 1:01 · Wales at this time was made up of several kingdoms, and while the surviving legal texts 1:05 · are basically the same, there are several key differences, which either reflect local changes, 1:10 · or just the passage of time [1], and the legal value of a cat is a perfect example of this. 1:17 · The law in north Wales, 'Dull Gwynedd', is the simplest. To have value, a cat must be able to: 1:22 · see and hear, it must have its claws, kill mice, and not only be able to have kittens, but also 1:27 · not eat them [5], a quality that I think more people should seek in their potential partners. 1:32 · The laws of cats in southwest Wales, 'Dull Dyfed', are a little more particular: 1:36 · not only do they have to have all the qualities listed above, but a cat must also have good teeth, 1:41 · and mustn't wail at the moon [13]. Finally in South Wales, 'Dull Gwent', 1:45 · we come to the most specific. Not only must they have all the qualities listed in North Wales, 1:50 · not only must they have the additions listed in Southwest Wales, but they must also have 1:53 · a good tail, and not have any burn marks [18]. 1:58 · So as we can see, the general value of a cat here 2:00 · was to kill mice, and this was mostly reflected in the qualities they were required to possess 2:04 · in order to hold any legal value. Plus the occasional addition of not 2:08 · wailing at the moon, and not… being burnt. 2:14 · So… if your critter has all of these talents, how much could you get for it? 2:21 · Every legal code here agrees on one specific thing, one fundamental concept: One adult cat is worth four ceiniog [5][13][18]. 2:29 · Now, we could sit here for 10 years discussing how exactly to translate a unit of currency from 2:34 · over 1,000 years ago, but luckily the laws make it a bit easier for us, because while 2:38 · I can't easily tell you what four ceiniog would be worth today, I can tell you what it would've 2:43 · been equivalent to back then… in animals. So one adult cat, chiefly used to protect 2:49 · your barn from mice, had the same value in north Wales as one adult goat [4], or 2:54 · four geese [6], or four chickens [6]. In southwest Wales, a cat was worth two geese 3:00 · [13], one and a half goats [12], a lamb (in August) [11], or a baby horse from the time 3:05 · of its birth until August [10]… very specific. Finally in south Wales, these beasts were worth 3:11 · the equivalent of a post-August lamb [15], four newborn piglets [16], or four ducks [17]. 3:16 · So while trying to adopt a cat from your local shelter in exchange for four geese might not 3:20 · work today, back then this would've been a perfectly reasonable, legally valid trade. 3:31 · Interestingly, while all the laws specify an adult, 3:33 · mouse-catching cat is worth four ceiniog, only Gwynedd assigns a value to its previous form. 3:39 · So if you wanted to sell a kitten, their laws have you covered. 3:43 · Once a cat is born, and until it opens its eyes, it is worth one ceiniog [5], one quarter the value 3:48 · of an adult cat. After that, it's worth two ceiniog [5], until it starts catching mice, 3:52 · where it reaches its final value of four [5]. And I think these qualifications are a little 3:57 · difficult to… prove. Sure, you'll be able to see if a cat has opened their eyes, 4:01 · but you basically just have to take the owner's word that it can catch mice, 4:05 · unless you feel like hanging out with it in a barn until you've seen the proof yourself. 4:09 · However, for all you hopeful medieval cat-scammers out there, 4:12 · these laws have one more trick up their sleeve. If a cat is deficient in any of these qualities, 4:17 · from mouse catching to having claws to wailing at the moon, one third of its 4:22 · value must be returned [5][13][18]. So while that means the buyer has a 4:25 · bit of protection if their cat turns out to be generally terrible, that also means the seller 4:29 · would be obligated to refund some money if the cat they sold suddenly started wailing at the moon. 4:34 · Also, why did they make it so you had to return one third of something worth four? I don't know, 4:40 · but looking at this drawing of the codification of the Welsh laws, do you think anyone here pondered 4:44 · on the return policy of cats? · Cat Products 4:50 · Chapter 2: Cat products. 4:55 · You may have noticed something… unusual. Gwynedd and Gwent just say "oh, if the cat is deficient 5:01 · in any qualities you'll have to return some value", but uh, Dyfed is a little weird. 5:07 · They specify that you can be refunded one third of the cat's worth… because we don't 5:12 · feed on its milk [13]. And well yes that is true, but its quite an odd difference, 5:18 · and its unique in this part of Wales. In fact, its so unique, the laws of Dyfed bring up 5:23 · this qualification twice, in what I believe is one of the greatest legal passages in all of history. 5:30 · According to these laws, cats produce a product known as Worthless Milk [8][20]. They claim 5:37 · that alongside the milk of a female dog, and a female horse, all three of these 5:41 · products will receive no compensation [8][20]. 5:46 · Moving on, we don't have any more cat products, 5:49 · but we have laws about the ownership of cats, and they're a bit unexpected too. 5:53 · The laws of Gwynedd and Dyfed specify how a married couple is to divide ownership of 5:57 · household furniture… which includes cats [3]. According to these law makers, the 6:02 · husband would own just one of the house's cats, every other one would belong to the wife [3]. 6:07 · Plus, if someone was to die and leave no heir, their estate would pass to the king, 6:11 · and the official in charge of sorting all of that out, known as a rhingyll, would get to 6:15 · keep a few things from the property [2][7][14]. The laws from Gwynedd specify that they would get 6:19 · the meat, the butter, the flax, the corn, the hens, the fuel axe… and the cats [2]. 6:25 · These laws have some interesting differences across Wales too, in Dyfed they let the official 6:29 · keep all of the axes [7], and in Gwent they throw in any Geese, plus any reaping-hooks [14]. 6:35 · So this establishes two things: firstly, if you wanted to take up a career as a rhingyll, Gwent 6:40 · seems to have given you the most free stuff [14]. Secondly, we've seen that all cats except for one 6:45 · were the legal property of the wife in medieval Wales [3], and if someone was to die without 6:49 · an heir, they would pass to the king's rhingyll [2][7][14]. I imagine then during times of war or 6:55 · plague, that the court officials would suddenly be inundated with dozens and dozens of cats. · Cat Crime 7:06 · Finally, chapter 3: cat crime. 7:17 · There are two crimes outlined in the laws 7:18 · of Wales that are specifically to do with cats. The first is their fault: if a cat caused damage 7:24 · to someone's flax garden while attempting to catch a mouse, their owner would 7:29 · rightfully have to pay for the damages [9][19]. The second is what happens when a cat is stolen, 7:35 · injured, or unfortunately worse. The penalty for this is only mentioned 7:39 · in two of the legal texts, and is as follows. The cat is to be held with its head to the ground, 7:45 · and its tail lifted up. Wheat is then poured around it until the tail is completely covered, 7:52 · and that is the fine paid to the owner [13][18]. Now, the Gwent laws specify that this is only the 7:58 · case if it happens to the king's cat [18], however the laws from 8:01 · Dyfed mention that the fine towards the that cat can either be paid in wheat, 8:05 · or with an adult sheep and her lambs [13]. Also, the cat is fairly likely to be alive 8:12 · in this situation, for this fine of wheat to be measured, which means in medieval Wales it 8:19 · was someone's job to hold down a live cat on the floor so that it can be covered in grain. Which 8:26 · could arguably be one of the most difficult jobs a Welsh court official would ever have to face. 8:35 · We have now covered the three highly important sectors of medieval Welsh cat law, cyfraith 8:39 · cath. Which means that we can finally come to the most important question I have ever had to answer, 8:44 · one that we've all been wondering since birth, whether you've known it or not. 8:49 · Mr Chronicles, if I were to time travel back to medieval Wales and finally take 8:54 · up my life-long dream of becoming a cat salesman, how would I do this? · How to be a Cat Salesman 9:09 · Step one to any business: acquire product. Luckily for you, in exchange for protein 9:15 · and nutrients, two cats can magically produce several more, smaller ones: product secured. 9:22 · Alternatively, become a rhingyll during a time of disease or war. Lots of empty, uninherited houses 9:28 · means lots of cats moving into your possession. 9:33 · Step two: maximise value. 9:37 · As the laws in Gwynedd showed, an adult cat is worth far more than a kitten, but the various law codes 9:41 · in Wales have different restrictions on what makes a fully valuable cat. 9:46 · The laws from Gwynedd have the least requirements, while the ones from Gwent have the most. So once 9:51 · you've acquired your cats, wait until they start to catch mice, and make sure you move to Gwynedd, 9:56 · where you can sell your tailless, toothless, inbred cats in peace. 10:01 · Step three: reinvest your money. What use is it if its just sitting around? 10:06 · If you sell enough cats you might be able to afford a medieval mansion, 10:09 · but alternatively you could just double it. First, make sure you're still in Gwynedd. Cool, 10:16 · then find some geese. The law codes from North Wales value a goose at one ceiniog, so in exchange 10:22 · for one cat, you could get four geese. Next, travel down to Dyfed. The laws here 10:27 · specify a goose is worth two ceiniog. You have now discovered the ultimate loophole, 10:34 · as long as you're willing to travel for days and days on end through remote, treacherous 10:38 · countryside, risking violence, and disease, all while carrying several cats and geese. 10:43 · Not to mention this all depends on their being a need for both cats and geese to 10:47 · be bought and sold, and also for these laws to represent regional differences, because 10:51 · if you remember some of these surviving texts might just show how the law evolved over time… 10:55 · But you can figure all of that out then, I'm sure it'll go just fine. 11:01 · Finally, don't forget the two most important steps: 11:05 · Step four: do NOT sell cat milk. If you recall, cat milk is legally worthless, don't even try it. 11:14 · Step five: for morale, always try to remember the most famous cat of all: 11:20 · Garfield. Specifically, that the Welsh laws of the cats were actually mentioned in an 11:27 · episode of The Garfield Show [21]. Here he sees the king of Wales 11:31 · personally proclaim that cats are to be protected, because they are "cute, clever, 11:36 · and… excellent at catching mice" [21]. Exactly what we just covered, except that they don't 11:42 · mention them being clever, sorry Garfield. So now you can sell your cats in the wilds 11:48 · of Wales, knowing that following this simple five step plan will bring you great riches, 11:54 · and with your newfound wealth, you will be forever remembered throughout history 11:58 · as the richest cat salesman Wales has ever seen. 12:10 · As thanks to me for creating this foolproof plan, 12:12 · you will fund a statue, with a plaque, simply saying "thanks, Cambrian Chronicles", 12:17 · and it will puzzle historians for years to come, until ultimately falling into obscurity, 12:22 · with none of it surviving apart from vague notes and mentions from centuries ago. 12:29 · Until, one day, in an old forgotten journal, I come across a mention of an odd ancient 12:36 · statue in Wales. "Huh, Cambrian Chronicles, that sounds like the perfect name for that 12:43 · YouTube channel I've been wanting to make". And then, again, this video is made, and then, 12:50 · again, the future you is inspired to once more go back in time and become a cat salesperson, 12:56 · starting the cycle again, and again, and again, and again. 13:02 · We will be like two washing machines placed opposite one another, 13:06 · forever cycling, forever linked. And after all that, you might be thinking, 13:13 · what is the takeaway from all of this? How am I meant to feel after this 13:17 · fundamentally ego-altering information? Well, I said it at the very start: 13:29 · Meow.
Thanks for this thread & link; I LOVE cats and Medieval history, so this is right up my alley!
I have heard that the way they would prove it was to put the cat in an enclosure and drop in a rodent.
If the cat quickly caught and killed the rodent you had your proof.
Sadly later this became something of a sport with people making wooden pens and dropping in a number of rodents and then dropping in either a cat or dog to see how quickly they could kill them.
There are historical accounts of people putting cats in bags and setting them on fire, especially during certain periods in medieval and early modern Europe,.
This practice was a form of animal cruelty sometimes used as a form of entertainment or festivity. Cats were sometimes associated with vanity and witchcraft during this period and were burned as symbols of the devil.
It was particularly prevalent during celebrations around the time of the summer solstice, such as the Feast of St. John the Baptist, where bonfires were lit and objects with magical power, including cats tied up in bags or suspended from ropes, were thrown into the fire. Parisians, for instance, were known to incinerate cats by the sackful.
It’s important to remember that these were practices rooted in superstition and cultural beliefs prevalent at the time and are widely condemned today as barbaric and cruel.
Don’t try this at home.
The ceiniog (Latin: denarius; English: penny; plural: ceiniogau; prob. from cant, “circle”) was the basic currency of the medieval Welsh kingdoms such as Gwynedd and Deheubarth.
Hywel Dda was the only ruler recorded as minting his own proper coins; however, the ceiniog was not a coin but a value of silver.
The “legal penny” (Latin: denarius legalis; Welsh: ceiniog cyfreith) was the weight of 32 wheat grains in silver; the “curt penny” (Welsh: ceiniog cwta), the weight of 24 wheat grains.
The latter was based on the old Roman pound; the former, Charlemagne’s and Offa’s.[1] The Welsh half-penny was the dymey of 12 wheat grains (roughly ⅓ the “legal penny”)[2] and the farthing (quarter-penny) was the firdlyc of 6.[3]
Since the value in ceiniogau of most common goods and animals were regulated by the Laws of Hywel Dda, the system also simplified barter in Wales.
Today The value of 24 grains is 1.55517384 grams * $1.23/gram = $1.91.
Therefore, the approximate value of 24 wheat grains of silver, based on the current spot price, is about $1.91 and the price of a good cat is about $7.64
I Love this one. It’s fun and unexpected.
I look forward to every video he produces.
I *highly* recommend this site for anyone wishing to learn what life was like for people in Medieval times. For me, writing fantasy novels, it has been an invaluable resource.
https://www.youtube.com/@ModernKnight/videos