Replies

Transcript
0:00 · it's debunking time again folks because
0:02 · as much as we'd all like to be living
0:04 · through the plot of contact and
0:06 · discovering alien signatures when on
0:11 · no because this month we've seen another
0:14 · astronomy result Twisted from this
0:17 · research paper reporting coherent radio
0:19 · signals from a star that also happens to
0:22 · have a planet to stories like this
0:25 · claiming that this signal is being sent
0:27 · from the planet itself and that it's a
0:30 · big step forward in the hunt for
0:33 · extraterrestrial life
0:36 · now I can 100 see how this has happened
0:39 · because a lot of these statements are
0:40 · true in isolation but not linked
0:43 · together in that way to make that very
0:46 · big jump to aliens so let's chat about
· The star YZ Ceti and its planets
0:49 · what the authors of This research paper
0:51 · Pineda and villidson have actually found
0:53 · now they were studying the star YZ seti
0:57 · a red dwarf star star which is much
0:59 · cooler and fainted in the sun that's
1:01 · around about 12 light years away and
1:04 · it's known to have three planets
1:06 · orbiting around it with possibly a
1:09 · fourth as well which makes it a really
1:11 · good candidate to test whether these
1:14 · planets have magnetic fields or not the
· A planet's magnetic field and its habitability
1:18 · Earth for example has a magnetic field
1:20 · which helps to Shield those from all the
1:22 · high energy radiation that's burped off
1:24 · by the sun it protects life here on
1:27 · Earth and gives us the beautiful
1:28 · displays of the Northern Lights the
1:31 · Aurora where these high energy particles
1:33 · are actually funneled down to the poles
1:36 · and cause elements in our atmosphere to
1:38 · Glow these beautiful green and red
1:40 · colors Mars however does not have a
1:42 · magnetic field so over the past four and
1:44 · a half billion years or so of the Solar
1:45 · System's lifetime it has been bombarded
1:48 · by all this radiation from the Sun and
1:50 · slowly had its atmosphere Stripped Away
1:52 · this is why we think Mars might have
1:54 · been habitable in the past and why it
1:56 · might have had liquid water on its
1:58 · surface but not anymore hence all the
2:01 · searches for Life on Mars with the likes
2:03 · of the perseverance Rover so whether a
2:06 · planet has a magnetic field or not is
2:08 · going to be a really important factor
2:10 · when we're considering like the search
2:12 · for life beyond Earth and habitable
2:15 · planets now we've actually detected
2:17 · magnetic fields around gas giant
2:20 · exoplanets before so planets like
2:22 · Jupiter in our own solar system we're
2:24 · orbiting other stars but we've never
2:26 · found a rocky Earth-like exoplanet with
2:30 · a magnetic field orbiting another star
2:32 · yet and the reason for that is it's
2:35 · really difficult to find out if a Barnet
2:37 · at a great distance has a magnetic field
2:39 · it's not something that you can observe
· Generating an aurora on the star giving off radio signals
2:41 · directly but you can infer that it's
2:44 · there if you have a planet orbiting very
2:48 · close in to its star with a magnetic
2:51 · field then any of that radiation that's
2:53 · burped up by the star just like the sun
2:56 · does that planet's magnetic field is
2:58 · going to interact with all that material
2:59 · essentially plow through it and push it
3:01 · off in different directions in some
3:03 · cases push it back towards the star
3:05 · where it then interacts with the Stars
3:08 · magnetic field again and can get
3:10 · funneled down to the Stars poles and
3:11 · form an aurora there which will glow Not
3:15 · Invisible light that we see with our
3:16 · eyes like Aurora on Earth but instead
3:19 · with radio waves light with very long
3:23 · wavelengths low frequencies we have
3:26 · actually seen this before with Jupiter
3:29 · and its Moon IO so not a planet in orbit
3:31 · around a star but a moon in orbit around
3:33 · a Planet part of Jupiter's Aurora is
3:36 · actually caused by io's magnetic field
3:37 · interacting with Jupiter's magnetic
3:40 · field and that was first reported back
3:41 · in 1998. so we know it should be
3:44 · possible to find radio signals like this
3:47 · it's just knowing where to look best
3:50 · candidates are obviously uh planets that
3:53 · we know exist that orbit very close into
3:55 · their Stars which is exactly what Pineda
· The coherent radio signals detected from YZ Ceti
3:58 · and villageson did with the very large
4:01 · array the vla a radio telescope in New
4:04 · Mexico yes the very same one that was
4:07 · used in the film contact I've actually
4:10 · done like an astrophysicist reacts video
4:11 · to the film contact if you want to check
4:13 · that out obviously the main difference
4:14 · here is that with a radio telescope
4:16 · you're detecting light not sound you can
4:19 · sonify that if you really want to to
4:22 · listen to your data but very hard to
4:24 · pick up any signals so instead what if
4:26 · Pineda and bulletin actually found here
4:28 · where they found coherent radio bursts
4:30 · from YZ seti that coincide with its
4:35 · innermost planets to day orbit coherent
4:39 · essentially means that the light you're
4:40 · detecting is all coming at the same
4:42 · frequency or wavelength and sometimes
4:44 · even the same polarization as well so
4:46 · lasers are a really good example of
4:48 · coherent light all at the same
4:51 · wavelengths therefore the same color
4:53 · it's exactly what you'd expect to see
4:55 · with this plasma interacting with the
4:57 · magnetic field of the star to give you
4:59 · this Aurora on the start it's the same
5:02 · thing we see on earth right we get a
5:03 · coherent light source from the Aurora
5:05 · it's always the exact same color of
5:07 · Green from oxygen in the atmosphere and
5:09 · always the exact same color of red from
5:10 · nitrogen in the atmosphere so that also
5:13 · is a coherent light source same as
5:16 · what's going on here exceptions that
5:17 · invisible light we're seeing it with
5:18 · radio wavelengths of light instead it's
· What this means for our search for habitable planets
5:21 · a really exciting result for exoplanet
5:25 · studies because these planets that orbit
5:27 · really close into red dwarf stars might
5:30 · sound like they're in a hellish place
5:31 · you'll all be seeing every two days but
5:34 · actually because because red dwarf stars
5:37 · are really cool and faint like way
5:40 · cooler and fainted than the sun is
5:42 · they're habitable zones so the region
5:44 · that you'd have the temperatures that
5:45 · would be right to support liquid water
5:47 · and therefore at least Life as we know
5:49 · it they're really close into the star so
5:52 · you can have a planet on a very short
5:54 · you know days sort of length of orbit
5:57 · and still be in the habitable zone so
6:00 · the fact that we've also detected a
6:02 · magnetic field around such a planet as
6:04 · well and we know that magnetic fields
6:05 · seem to be this sort of ingredient that
6:08 · you need in the recipe for habitability
6:10 · of a planet that's a very big step
6:12 · forward in terms of like where do we
6:14 · search in the future for habitable
6:16 · planets for these bio signatures that
6:19 · perhaps will suggest that life is
6:21 · present in the atmosphere of a planet
6:24 · I've made a video before all about bio
6:26 · signatures and especially how Jaber St
6:28 · is gonna hunt for them in the
6:30 · atmospheres of planets if you want to
6:32 · check that video out so I think there
· A game of "telephone" on the internet
6:34 · are four true statements here off the
6:36 · back of this research the first is that
6:39 · there's a coherent radio signal been
6:40 · detected from a star planet system
6:42 · second that this radio signal has come
6:44 · from Aurora that only exists because the
6:47 · planet has a magnetic field three that a
6:49 · magnetic field seems to be really
6:51 · promising for the habitability of a
6:52 · planet at least you know comparing like
6:54 · Earth and Mars in the solar system at
6:56 · least and then finally number four is
6:58 · that if we could find more of these
7:00 · things more of these planets orbiting
7:02 · close into their stars that have these
7:04 · coherent radio signals coming from them
7:06 · that would be a big step forward for the
7:08 · search for life outside Earth and it
7:11 · seems like what's happened is that
7:12 · there's just been this like massive game
7:14 · of telephone across the internet where
7:17 · Whispers of This research have gotten so
7:20 · distorted that you've cut out all of
7:23 · this middle bit of context and just gone
7:26 · coherent radio signal equals step
7:29 · forward in search for aliens
7:33 · and it has been in
7:36 · frustrating to watch this happen so I
7:40 · hope you will forgive me this rant that
7:42 · has been disguised as an educational
7:44 · science video and remember folks don't
7:48 · believe everything that you see online
· Brilliant
7:52 · before we get to the bloopers I just
7:54 · want to say a big thank you to brilliant
7:55 · for sponsoring this week's video If you
7:58 · find yourself wondering whether an
7:59 · article or a post that you've seen
8:01 · online is scientifically legit or not
8:03 · but you didn't necessarily have the
8:05 · know-how to be able to tell then
8:07 · brilliant.org can help you gain the
8:10 · skills and background knowledge that you
8:12 · need brilliant is one of the best ways
8:14 · to learn science maths interactively
8:16 · they're visual Hands-On approach is so
8:19 · engaging and it makes it a really
8:21 · effective way to learn something new
8:23 · you're not just memorizing formulas or
8:26 · equations brilliant is building your
8:28 · intuitions I think their scientific
8:30 · thinking course is perfect for this it
8:32 · really gets you thinking analytically
8:34 · about problems and then you can apply
8:37 · those problem-solving skills that you
8:38 · learn to your everyday life so to try
8:41 · everything that brilliant has to offer
8:43 · for free for 30 days head to
8:45 · brilliant.org forward slash Dr Becky or
8:48 · you can click on that link in the video
8:49 · description down below and the first 200
8:52 · of you are also going to get 20 off an
8:54 · annual premium subscription so thank you
8:57 · so much to brilliant for sponsoring this
8:59 · video and now
9:01 · roll those bloopers
· Bloopers
9:03 · and that it's a big step forward in the
9:05 · hunt for extraterrestrial life
9:10 · [Music]
9:15 · I think my um screams need to be a
9:17 · little bit more low pitched otherwise
9:19 · it's just like
9:22 · [Music]
9:28 · that'll do
9:32 · oh
9:33 · that's enough for book I might head into
9:35 · a pillow for one day
9:38 · it's a good job I've got this team my
9:40 · voice is awesome
9:45 · I say tea it's not tea it's squash we
9:47 · all know it's squash all right where are
9:49 · we going next
9:54 · pay attention Becky
9:57 · shoot me down but I won't fall
10:01 · it's never
10:02 · aliens
10:04 · I feel like all scientists have said
10:06 · it's never aliens like so many times now
10:09 · but everyone we just sort of trained
10:11 · them to be like so skeptical
10:14 · skeptical but if it ever is aliens
10:17 · everyone can be really skeptical and no
10:19 · one's gonna believe us
10:21 · oh problem to be in
10:24 · foreign

Transcript
0:00	·	it's debunking time again folks because
0:02	·	as much as we'd all like to be living
0:04	·	through the plot of contact and
0:06	·	discovering alien signatures when on
0:11	·	no because this month we've seen another
0:14	·	astronomy result Twisted from this
0:17	·	research paper reporting coherent radio
0:19	·	signals from a star that also happens to
0:22	·	have a planet to stories like this
0:25	·	claiming that this signal is being sent
0:27	·	from the planet itself and that it's a
0:30	·	big step forward in the hunt for
0:33	·	extraterrestrial life
0:36	·	now I can 100 see how this has happened
0:39	·	because a lot of these statements are
0:40	·	true in isolation but not linked
0:43	·	together in that way to make that very
0:46	·	big jump to aliens so let's chat about
	·	The star YZ Ceti and its planets
0:49	·	what the authors of This research paper
0:51	·	Pineda and villidson have actually found
0:53	·	now they were studying the star YZ seti
0:57	·	a red dwarf star star which is much
0:59	·	cooler and fainted in the sun that's
1:01	·	around about 12 light years away and
1:04	·	it's known to have three planets
1:06	·	orbiting around it with possibly a
1:09	·	fourth as well which makes it a really
1:11	·	good candidate to test whether these
1:14	·	planets have magnetic fields or not the
	·	A planet's magnetic field and its habitability
1:18	·	Earth for example has a magnetic field
1:20	·	which helps to Shield those from all the
1:22	·	high energy radiation that's burped off
1:24	·	by the sun it protects life here on
1:27	·	Earth and gives us the beautiful
1:28	·	displays of the Northern Lights the
1:31	·	Aurora where these high energy particles
1:33	·	are actually funneled down to the poles
1:36	·	and cause elements in our atmosphere to
1:38	·	Glow these beautiful green and red
1:40	·	colors Mars however does not have a
1:42	·	magnetic field so over the past four and
1:44	·	a half billion years or so of the Solar
1:45	·	System's lifetime it has been bombarded
1:48	·	by all this radiation from the Sun and
1:50	·	slowly had its atmosphere Stripped Away
1:52	·	this is why we think Mars might have
1:54	·	been habitable in the past and why it
1:56	·	might have had liquid water on its
1:58	·	surface but not anymore hence all the
2:01	·	searches for Life on Mars with the likes
2:03	·	of the perseverance Rover so whether a
2:06	·	planet has a magnetic field or not is
2:08	·	going to be a really important factor
2:10	·	when we're considering like the search
2:12	·	for life beyond Earth and habitable
2:15	·	planets now we've actually detected
2:17	·	magnetic fields around gas giant
2:20	·	exoplanets before so planets like
2:22	·	Jupiter in our own solar system we're
2:24	·	orbiting other stars but we've never
2:26	·	found a rocky Earth-like exoplanet with
2:30	·	a magnetic field orbiting another star
2:32	·	yet and the reason for that is it's
2:35	·	really difficult to find out if a Barnet
2:37	·	at a great distance has a magnetic field
2:39	·	it's not something that you can observe
	·	Generating an aurora on the star giving off radio signals
2:41	·	directly but you can infer that it's
2:44	·	there if you have a planet orbiting very
2:48	·	close in to its star with a magnetic
2:51	·	field then any of that radiation that's
2:53	·	burped up by the star just like the sun
2:56	·	does that planet's magnetic field is
2:58	·	going to interact with all that material
2:59	·	essentially plow through it and push it
3:01	·	off in different directions in some
3:03	·	cases push it back towards the star
3:05	·	where it then interacts with the Stars
3:08	·	magnetic field again and can get
3:10	·	funneled down to the Stars poles and
3:11	·	form an aurora there which will glow Not
3:15	·	Invisible light that we see with our
3:16	·	eyes like Aurora on Earth but instead
3:19	·	with radio waves light with very long
3:23	·	wavelengths low frequencies we have
3:26	·	actually seen this before with Jupiter
3:29	·	and its Moon IO so not a planet in orbit
3:31	·	around a star but a moon in orbit around
3:33	·	a Planet part of Jupiter's Aurora is
3:36	·	actually caused by io's magnetic field
3:37	·	interacting with Jupiter's magnetic
3:40	·	field and that was first reported back
3:41	·	in 1998. so we know it should be
3:44	·	possible to find radio signals like this
3:47	·	it's just knowing where to look best
3:50	·	candidates are obviously uh planets that
3:53	·	we know exist that orbit very close into
3:55	·	their Stars which is exactly what Pineda
	·	The coherent radio signals detected from YZ Ceti
3:58	·	and villageson did with the very large
4:01	·	array the vla a radio telescope in New
4:04	·	Mexico yes the very same one that was
4:07	·	used in the film contact I've actually
4:10	·	done like an astrophysicist reacts video
4:11	·	to the film contact if you want to check
4:13	·	that out obviously the main difference
4:14	·	here is that with a radio telescope
4:16	·	you're detecting light not sound you can
4:19	·	sonify that if you really want to to
4:22	·	listen to your data but very hard to
4:24	·	pick up any signals so instead what if
4:26	·	Pineda and bulletin actually found here
4:28	·	where they found coherent radio bursts
4:30	·	from YZ seti that coincide with its
4:35	·	innermost planets to day orbit coherent
4:39	·	essentially means that the light you're
4:40	·	detecting is all coming at the same
4:42	·	frequency or wavelength and sometimes
4:44	·	even the same polarization as well so
4:46	·	lasers are a really good example of
4:48	·	coherent light all at the same
4:51	·	wavelengths therefore the same color
4:53	·	it's exactly what you'd expect to see
4:55	·	with this plasma interacting with the
4:57	·	magnetic field of the star to give you
4:59	·	this Aurora on the start it's the same
5:02	·	thing we see on earth right we get a
5:03	·	coherent light source from the Aurora
5:05	·	it's always the exact same color of
5:07	·	Green from oxygen in the atmosphere and
5:09	·	always the exact same color of red from
5:10	·	nitrogen in the atmosphere so that also
5:13	·	is a coherent light source same as
5:16	·	what's going on here exceptions that
5:17	·	invisible light we're seeing it with
5:18	·	radio wavelengths of light instead it's
	·	What this means for our search for habitable planets
5:21	·	a really exciting result for exoplanet
5:25	·	studies because these planets that orbit
5:27	·	really close into red dwarf stars might
5:30	·	sound like they're in a hellish place
5:31	·	you'll all be seeing every two days but
5:34	·	actually because because red dwarf stars
5:37	·	are really cool and faint like way
5:40	·	cooler and fainted than the sun is
5:42	·	they're habitable zones so the region
5:44	·	that you'd have the temperatures that
5:45	·	would be right to support liquid water
5:47	·	and therefore at least Life as we know
5:49	·	it they're really close into the star so
5:52	·	you can have a planet on a very short
5:54	·	you know days sort of length of orbit
5:57	·	and still be in the habitable zone so
6:00	·	the fact that we've also detected a
6:02	·	magnetic field around such a planet as
6:04	·	well and we know that magnetic fields
6:05	·	seem to be this sort of ingredient that
6:08	·	you need in the recipe for habitability
6:10	·	of a planet that's a very big step
6:12	·	forward in terms of like where do we
6:14	·	search in the future for habitable
6:16	·	planets for these bio signatures that
6:19	·	perhaps will suggest that life is
6:21	·	present in the atmosphere of a planet
6:24	·	I've made a video before all about bio
6:26	·	signatures and especially how Jaber St
6:28	·	is gonna hunt for them in the
6:30	·	atmospheres of planets if you want to
6:32	·	check that video out so I think there
	·	A game of "telephone" on the internet
6:34	·	are four true statements here off the
6:36	·	back of this research the first is that
6:39	·	there's a coherent radio signal been
6:40	·	detected from a star planet system
6:42	·	second that this radio signal has come
6:44	·	from Aurora that only exists because the
6:47	·	planet has a magnetic field three that a
6:49	·	magnetic field seems to be really
6:51	·	promising for the habitability of a
6:52	·	planet at least you know comparing like
6:54	·	Earth and Mars in the solar system at
6:56	·	least and then finally number four is
6:58	·	that if we could find more of these
7:00	·	things more of these planets orbiting
7:02	·	close into their stars that have these
7:04	·	coherent radio signals coming from them
7:06	·	that would be a big step forward for the
7:08	·	search for life outside Earth and it
7:11	·	seems like what's happened is that
7:12	·	there's just been this like massive game
7:14	·	of telephone across the internet where
7:17	·	Whispers of This research have gotten so
7:20	·	distorted that you've cut out all of
7:23	·	this middle bit of context and just gone
7:26	·	coherent radio signal equals step
7:29	·	forward in search for aliens
7:33	·	and it has been in
7:36	·	frustrating to watch this happen so I
7:40	·	hope you will forgive me this rant that
7:42	·	has been disguised as an educational
7:44	·	science video and remember folks don't
7:48	·	believe everything that you see online
	·	Brilliant
7:52	·	before we get to the bloopers I just
7:54	·	want to say a big thank you to brilliant
7:55	·	for sponsoring this week's video If you
7:58	·	find yourself wondering whether an
7:59	·	article or a post that you've seen
8:01	·	online is scientifically legit or not
8:03	·	but you didn't necessarily have the
8:05	·	know-how to be able to tell then
8:07	·	brilliant.org can help you gain the
8:10	·	skills and background knowledge that you
8:12	·	need brilliant is one of the best ways
8:14	·	to learn science maths interactively
8:16	·	they're visual Hands-On approach is so
8:19	·	engaging and it makes it a really
8:21	·	effective way to learn something new
8:23	·	you're not just memorizing formulas or
8:26	·	equations brilliant is building your
8:28	·	intuitions I think their scientific
8:30	·	thinking course is perfect for this it
8:32	·	really gets you thinking analytically
8:34	·	about problems and then you can apply
8:37	·	those problem-solving skills that you
8:38	·	learn to your everyday life so to try
8:41	·	everything that brilliant has to offer
8:43	·	for free for 30 days head to
8:45	·	brilliant.org forward slash Dr Becky or
8:48	·	you can click on that link in the video
8:49	·	description down below and the first 200
8:52	·	of you are also going to get 20 off an
8:54	·	annual premium subscription so thank you
8:57	·	so much to brilliant for sponsoring this
8:59	·	video and now
9:01	·	roll those bloopers
	·	Bloopers
9:03	·	and that it's a big step forward in the
9:05	·	hunt for extraterrestrial life
9:10	·	[Music]
9:15	·	I think my um screams need to be a
9:17	·	little bit more low pitched otherwise
9:19	·	it's just like
9:22	·	[Music]
9:28	·	that'll do
9:32	·	oh
9:33	·	that's enough for book I might head into
9:35	·	a pillow for one day
9:38	·	it's a good job I've got this team my
9:40	·	voice is awesome
9:45	·	I say tea it's not tea it's squash we
9:47	·	all know it's squash all right where are
9:49	·	we going next
9:54	·	pay attention Becky
9:57	·	shoot me down but I won't fall
10:01	·	it's never
10:02	·	aliens
10:04	·	I feel like all scientists have said
10:06	·	it's never aliens like so many times now
10:09	·	but everyone we just sort of trained
10:11	·	them to be like so skeptical
10:14	·	skeptical but if it ever is aliens
10:17	·	everyone can be really skeptical and no
10:19	·	one's gonna believe us
10:21	·	oh problem to be in
10:24	·	foreign