Investigations of “Heat after Death” Analysis of the Factors which Determine the Tardive Thermal Power and HAD Enthalpy

This report closely examines the heat energy generated during the discharge period after cessation of all input electrical power to active CF/LANR components (“Heat after Death” or “HAD” energy). This is potentially a very important source of energy because the techniques shown here, can increase the excess energy gain of CF/LANR reactions by at least 410%.

In addition, by monitoring both the calorimetry and the Voc, detailed knowledge of the deuteron distribution and flows within the palladium are revealed. These experiments revealed that initially only one in 2300 deuterons takes part in the desired reactions of HAD excess enthalpy production, for a net utilization of 0.04% of the loaded deuterons at that time.

This decreases over time. Integrated over the entire HAD regime, this deuteron participation levels falls, and eventually only 1 in 106 deuterons participates in the desired fusion reactions.

Keywords: Heat after death, Heterodyne excess power, Lumped parameter, Lumped component, Phusorr, Phusorr-type component, Tardive thermal power

1.1. Tardive thermal power and “Heat After Death” After being successfully driven to excess heat conditions, some cold fusion systems [1–26] continue to produce significant delayed (“tardive”) thermal power (“TTP”), even after the input electric power is terminated (Fig. 1).

It was first reported by Pons and Fleischmann [5] in a palladium cathode in heavy water after it was electrically driven to an active excess heat-producing state (“cold fusion”). They reported on this new phenomenon calling it “Heat After Death” (“HAD”).

The term “death” refers to cessation of the input electrical drive (electrical polarization) power. Aqueous cells containing D2O were first electrically driven to boiling, and thereafter, when the electrolyte was fully electrolyzed and gone, did not cool down immediately as expected [5–9]. In one of the original HAD experiment reported by Pons and Fleischman, the electrolysis cell had finally run out of heavy water due to the electrolysis, thereby unintentionally and inadvertently creating the condition of no further input electrical power. This is due to the fact that the electrical circuit became “open circuited” and the heavy water system’s electrical circuit was cut-off.

The HAD has the units of energy. The rate of appearance (“time derivative”) of the heat after death [9–12] is the tardive thermal power. TTP is thus the heterodyne “excess” power which continues to be generated even AFTER after all of the input electrical power is terminated.

The word “heterodyne” is used because of the actual the denotation of the word (***). “Hetero” is an English word meaning “other”. “Dyne” is the root word of the words dynamite, dynamo and dynamic. “Dyne” comes from the Greek word dunamis (δναµις) which means ’power’ and was derived from the Greek translation of “koach” , the Hebrew word used in the Bible to describe the miraculous deliverance of Israel at the Sea of Reeds (Exodus 15.6).

Thus, with the correct denotation, tardive thermal power is the heterodyne response of an active Pd/D2O cold fusion/LANR cell which is correctly electrically driven at its optimal operating point, with adequate phonons, and in the absence of quenching materials. (***)

The popular use of heterodyne (“connotation”) is that it describes the phenomenon of a non-linear system changing of the frequency of two incoming radio signals or photons. The two are transformed to now four with the heterodyne action adding to the original two, the sum of, and difference between, the two signals (photons).

In 1901, Canadian Reginald Fessenden coined the word “heterodyne”, when he invented and demonstrated his direct-conversion heterodyne receiver which made telegraphy signals audible. His unstable local oscillator (“LO”) was perfected in 1918, by American engineer Edwin Armstrong. Armstrong’s superheterodyne used a variable LO to move radio frequency signals, by dial, to the audio range making demodulation and broadcast radio possible.

Nonetheless, this word “heterodyne” actually is quite precise and appropriate for HAD because it describes “power” in its denotation. 1.2. Studies of the “Heat After Death” phenomenon Pons and Fleischmann’s (FP’s) heat after death enthalpies were reported in the range of 302–3240 J, with peak HAD excess power of 0.8 W (8 W/cm3 ).

They described several possible HAD scenarios including those where the electrolyte solution remains or is lost, and whether boiling is achieved, along with other conditions.

Since then, HAD has been confirmed by Miles et al. [6,7], Mizuno [8] and Swartz and Verner [9–12]. Mizuno reported HAD which yielded 1.2 × 107 J over 10 days in 1991. Mengoli used an FP cell, and after five days of electrical drive, the cell is reported to have continued with HAD for 27.3 h, initially at 0.82 W.

Swartz and Verner [9–12] reported at ICCF10, and thereafter, that TTP information was resolvable using high impedance Phusorr -type LANR devices with “Dual ohmic control calorimeters” after they were loaded, activated, and driven at their OOP [9], and analyzed for their kinetics [10–12].

The PHUSORr-type CF/LANR components were initially loaded and driven for several hours and more, during the active phase.

After the devices were driven, determination of the possible heat after death was made by semiquantitative analysis with semiquantitative correction for (a) the joule (thermal) ohmic controls, (b) the deloading (followed through Voc), and (c) the normal cooling by the paired system. After accounting for other sources of energy, including Poiynting vector, prosaic energy storage and release, and D loading and deloading energies, D2 and O2 recombination, and possible phase changes, it is clear that HAD does exist for Pd, at least under these conditions (Figs. 2A,B and 3A,B).

These figures show the results of four experiments producing HAD. They show TTP and its integrated EHAD. Shown in Figs. 2A,B and 3B are the excess enthalpies observed during electrical activation, and after disconnection of the electrical drive (the “HAD regime”).

There is significant continued emission of excess heat, long after the termination of all electric input power.

Figure 3B shows the heating of a second volume of water using the HAD from the previously active cell in its heterodyne TTP-producing mode.

Figure 2A shows the calorimetry of a PHUSORr-type Pd/D2O/Pt cell and its joule control during both the active state and during the HAD region. It shows the input electrical powers and observed output thermal powers (and energies).

They present the input electrical powers and observed output thermal powers (and energies) for a Pd/D2O/Pt cell and the joule control as a function of time Eight curves are shown; four involve power; four involve energy. In Fig. 2A, the input and output powers are linear.

The HAD instantaneous power (tardive thermal power) is marked. It can be seen that the observed output thermal power is much greater compared to the electrical input power for the deuteron-loaded system, as compared to the joule control.

With an initial drive potential of ~300 V to 330 V) for several hours, the Pd phusor system produced an initial peak tardive thermal power of 1.3 W (~7.7 W/cm3 [9]).

The integrated HAD excess enthalpy was 5200 J, and the time constant of the falloff was ~70 min. The time was determined by curve fitting on the computer and by using exponential approximations which make the slope linear on a log time axis. Examples are shown in Figs. 4A,B and 5.

It can also be seen that for the ohmic joule (thermal) control that the integrated energies of the input and output rise with parallel slopes. By contrast, in the deuterium-loaded heavy water systems, there is a gap increasing over time, corroborating that there has been active heat generated.

The curves in Fig. 2A confirm, both by the difference between the control and observed excess power and the differential in excess energy by slope, there is excess heat output; and by the calorimeter-matched calorimetry, there is HAD output of this deuterium-loaded system.

Figure 2B shows the calorimetry of a PHUSORr-type Pd/D2O/Pt cell and its joule control during both the active state and during the HAD region. This figure, of a different run, has the input and output powers plotted on logarithmic axes so that the background noise of the system before, during the electrical drive, and after the electrical drive is finished, are clearly shown.

It shows the input electrical powers and observed output thermal powers (and energies) in eight curves.

In the HAD regime, the excess enthalpy appears to be controlled by Voc, Vapplied, and the capacitance of the cathode (∼ 64µmol/V*). The form factor might be similar to that for other electrical engineering systems such that EHADfusion is related to QPd, Vapplied, and Voc. EHADfusion is the energy in the filled lattice availed for, and delivered to, fusion in the HAD regime.

Given the capacitance of the palladium lattice (CPd,D), then the total quantity of deuterons available for fusion within the loaded palladium (QPd ) is determined from Vapplied, and EHADfusion is determined by both Vapplied and Voc.

Plugging in measured and derived values for the three cases, and correcting by the Faraday, F, to correct for the use of Farads and volts, yields the results of Table 1.

In the table, it can be seen that the values expected, generated by the model (E), are in the general range expected compared with the observed values of HAD excess enthalpy (O). This fairly good correlation is encouraging. In fact, if the actual Voc had been used instead of the 1 min average, then the correlations might have been more accurate, because the expected values would have increased, consistent with the higher electrical drive levels.

There remain some very important results and implications of these TTP measurements. First, TTP is apparent in palladium in heavy water driven in active excess heat-producing cold fusion systems.

This is very important because the energy gain can be increased by at least 410%. Second, the advantages of studying TTP are many. Most importantly, there is no interfering input electrical power and resultant, and inexorably associated, noise.

Examination of TTP provides improved understanding of cold fusion reaction kinetics, as well as where the desired reactions occur and what are their magnitudes. However, good engineering requires that TTP voltages be redefined with respect to removing 0.7 V to make them more useful as an engineering quantity.

The experiments here measured the active palladium lattice’s HAD deuteron-loading capacitance which is 64 µ mol/V*. The admittance for the desired excess enthalpy HAD reactions (Yfusion,Pd,D) is 6.6 pmol/(s-V*). That admittance is dwarfed by the system’s deloading loss admittance (YLeakage) which is 15 nmol/(s-V*). This is what causes the deloading and penultimate loss of the HAD excess enthalpy.

Third, the experiments here revealed that initially only one in 2300 deuterons takes part in the desired reactions of HAD excess enthalpy production, for a net utilization of 0.04% of the loaded deuterons at that time. This decreases over time.

Importantly, integrated over the entire HAD regime, this deuteron participation levels falls, and eventually only 1 in 106 deuterons participates in the desired fusion reactions.

There are several important implications for scientific experiments and commerce. One implication of the presence of heat after death is that complete sample characterization requires more than simply the knowledge of the power gain and the optimal operating point (“peak production”) curves. Full and proper sample characterization requires measuring not only the driving manifold (which elicits knowledge of the optimal operating point) but also the changes of the sample which actually is producing TTP.

Second, another implication of this study of heat after death is that the use of a simple power gain factor to characterize a device is incomplete. It might be several times greater. Third, these discoveries are an important group of findings because the error in measuring heat after death might be quite high, as well.

This is especially true if one does not take into account the impact of duty cycle, and the previously applied electrical potential during the active state, and other issues such as HAD-region enhancing and quenching materials.

Fourth, as a corollary, others may be reporting lower limit of what is actually achieved in terms of their samples’ performances. Simply put, the excess heat (“XSH”) generated by an active conventional aqueous cold fusion system may be at their lower limits.

The corrected sample activity is actually obtained only when using a calibrated active device which has been properly loaded, and run with the full consideration of the HAD excess enthalpy. Fifth, there are implications involving the HAD and outgassing from proton- and deuteron-loaded metal, and the roles of gold (Swartz) and boron (Miles) and mercury (McKubre, Tanzella) must be reconsidered.

In summary, these measurements of HAD excess enthalpy, the roles of Voc and Vapplied in that excess heat, and the existence of the equilibrium threshold potential (Voc,equil), herald improved ways of both characterizing and operating deuteron-loaded palladium cathodes.

Therefore, the optimization of cold fusion devices has a new dimension. Due to magnitude of the parameters involved during the HAD regime, it must be considered and factored in for optimization of any sample’s true over-unity performance.

Engineered-TTP [27] clearly can make some cold fusion devices and systems more efficient.

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Best book to get started on this subject:
EXCESS HEAT
Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed by Charles Beaudette

https://www.abebooks.com/9780967854809/Excess-Heat-Why-Cold-Fusion-0967854806/plp

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