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They would be inventoried and signed for by a responsible officer at every point in the chain of custody. For example, if the ordnance unit on an installation was responsible for receiving and storing them, they would be signed for and that officer personally responsible for their accountability, and would likewise be inventoried regularly and re-signed for. If they were issued out to a tenant unit on the installation for training at a grenade range, an officer from that unit (typically the Officer in Charge or OIC) would sign for them from the ordnance unit and become responsible for each grenade.

At the range, the grenades would be issued one at a time to each soldier who would expend the grenade in training, typically under the direct supervision of an NCO. In the case of grenades, normally, the pin and spoon would have to be turned in for residue accountability, and woe be the soldier who pocketed one (pin or spoon) for a souvenir and got caught.

There is a little bit of flexibility for some residue. For example the brass from a rifle or pistol range is swept up and turned in by weight and there is a (small) window allowing for some lost or unrecovered, but in the case of explosives, mines, or larger munitions (i.e. mortars) there would normally always be a name, career and a court martial on the line for loss of accountability.

I will give you an example from Korea. Forward deployed units maintain an operational stock of ammo, which is maintained and accounted for entirely separately from any ammo used for training. Because I was in an MP unit with a 24/7 round the clock law and order mission, we had an arms room open around the clock.

Each soldier maintained an equipment receipt (a credit card sized form) for their issue weapon bearing their name, signature, serial # of their weapon, etc. When they came on shift, they would exchange the card for their weapon from the arms room custodian, and then sign for two magazines with five rounds of ammo in each. At the end of shift, they would remove the magazine from their weapon, charge their weapon and under the supervision of their patrol supervisor, point the weapon into a clearing barrel and pull the trigger to ensure the weapon had been properly unloaded. They would then turn it into the arms room, where the arms room custodian visually inspected each magazine to ensure there were still five rounds in each, and then return the soldiers' weapon card in exchange for the weapon which was placed back in the weapons rack in the arms room.

One night, for some reason, a soldier had chambered a round, and his NCO did not properly inspect the weapon before he went to the clearing barrel and when the soldier pulled the trigger, his weapon discharged.

I was appointed as the Report of Survey investigating officer, and had to conduct an extensive detailed survey, interviewing all personnel involved, so a simple property book adjustment could be made, the round replaced in the Arms Room inventory, and the soldier could have $0.18 deducted from his next paycheck to reimburse the US Government for the expended round.