Super glue won’t hold in any application that exposes it to water (I believe). I think it’s inert after it sets, but you’ll be back in the same dilemma after you repair the pot with super glue, and possibly with hot coffee burns.
Actually it should hold up pretty well to limited water. total long term submersion is bad though and will probably cause a failure.
I just reviewed the Safety Data Sheet and don’t see anything to cause concern.
There’s a product called Rapid Fuse from DAP Products you may want to use. It gives you about 30 seconds to line up your repair then sets. (full disclosure-I work for them)
Wear latex gloves and have plenty of light so you can see your repair. Depending how bad the break is, it may not be repairable but give it a shot.
Cyanoacrylate glues (super glue) set with exposure to water vapor, so no, they are fine in water environments. In fact superglues are often used in surgery to glue cuts together in place of sutures. Cyanoacrlate glue is often used in dentistry, where it is frequently exposed to fluids and temperature and they are not poisonous in reasonable usage. We frequently use them in my office.
I have had great success in wet environments with JB-Qwik. I have a humidifier that required repair on the feeder port that sits in water constantly. That was 5 years ago and it has not failed.
Now, the stuff is dark grey when it dries but they do make a clear version...but it takes two hours to dry. The JB-Qwik dries in about 5 minutes. Not sure if the JB ClearWeld comes in a "Qwik" version.
When Super Glue has totally set, water doesn’t bother it at all.
Depending on the size of the break, you might get generous with the amount you try to use.
I have used it for so many things I cannot remember them all.
When it is something larger-—I use J B Weld.