I heard from a reputable source that when the first CDC came up in the Eng Lab, Seymour Cray sat down in front of it, and using the front panel data switches, toggled in the entire binary boot loader program BY HAND FROM MEMORY.
I tend to believe that. But I don't recall whether they said the loader was in octal or hex...
I used to toggle in programs in binary and after a while it becomes like playing music from memory on a keyboard. Not as difficult as you think.
early Crays were octal. Hex came along later.
CDC tended to use hex. Octal and hex are both representations of binary.