Hieroglyphics are an inherent part of Egyptian civilization, even though only a handful of people mastered them. Photo by S. Zdziebłowski
The Pharoah’s attitude was probably: I MAKE history. Other people read it.
I speak fluent hieroglyphic. Let’s see what these say.
“Have you or a loved one been exposed to asbestos?”
“There’s no better time to invest in gold!”
“Here I sit, broken-hearted....”
I would assume the Pharaohs were literate, because if for no other reason many of the surviving writings of the time are known for their verbosity, and Pharaohs were required at times to recite very long rituals, which while not impossible to memorize, would have been very difficult.