BTW, Paid workers, not slaves probably built the pyramids as a tribute to the egos of pharaohs. Nothing more.
and thanks to the History Channel for its program about Puma Punku, I learned about a mystery I never knew existed
I don't think archaeologists enjoy spending their time disproving that slaves built ancient engineering marvels like the Pyramids and Puma Punku with hand tools, ropes and pulleys.
It's just that, the more they find, all over the world, the less logic there is in assuming that slaves did so, or were even able to do so
Much less “why”.
From watching the History Channel series, what written records remain at many of these sites (excluding Puma Punku, no written language, possibly built before invention of the wheel, yet using diamond tipped machining tools)) seem more suggestive of alien involvement, or at least that the sites were built in the service of alien worship, with seeming universal fixation on astrological phenomenon, and a common extra-solar origin in a bistellar planetary system in the vicinity of the Orion constellation
For naysayers, I just wish a very rich person would offer skeptics a reward for undertaking the replication of the Pyramid or Puma Punku projects, using the manpower and technology known in ancient times.
And while you are at it, please replicate some of the complex mathematical and astrological crop circles
but please, do it overnight, as the world watches.
Put theories of extraterrestrial involvement to bed, once and for all, and we can all move on.
Nothing stopping anyone from showing the rest of us what fools we are for doubting you (or ancient mankind alone) could do it.
BTW could your mythical Boy Scout calculate all of this and incorporate it into a stone structure?
General:
The pyramid is estimated to have about 2,300,000 stone blocks weighing from 2-30 Tons each with some weighing as much as 70 tons.
There is so much stone mass in the pyramid that the interior temperature is constant and equals the average temperature of the earth, 20 Degrees Celsius (68 Degrees Fahrenheit).
Two types of limestone were used for construction. A soft limestone either pure or nummulitic was used for the bulk of the core blocks and a hard white limestone for the mantle. Hard limestone becomes more polished with age.
The base of the pyramid covers 55,000m2 (592,000 ft2) with each side greater than 20,000m2 (218,000 ft2) in area.
The outer mantle was composed of 144,000 casing stones, all highly polished and flat to an accuracy of 1/100th of an inch, about 100 inches thick and weighing about 15 tons each.
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The average casing stone on the lowest level was 5 ft. long by 5 ft. high by 6 ft. deep and weighed 15 tons.
The mortar used is of an unknown origin. It has been analyzed and its chemical composition is known but it can’t be reproduced. It is stronger than the stone and still holding up today.
The cornerstone foundations of the pyramid have ball and socket construction capable of dealing with heat expansion and earthquakes.
There are no hieroglyphics or writing in the Great Pyramid.
With the mantle in place, the Great Pyramid could be seen from the mountains in Israel and probably the moon as well.
Its polished surfaces would have reflected light like a beacon.
Aligned True North: The Great Pyramid is the most accurately aligned structure in existence and faces true north with only 3/60th of a degree of error. The position of the North Pole moves over time and the pyramid was exactly aligned at one time.
Centre of Land Mass: The Great Pyramid is located at the centre of the land mass of the earth. The east/west parallel that crosses the most land and the north/south meridian that crosses the most land intersect in two places on the earth, one in the ocean and the other at the Great Pyramid.
The relationship between Pi (p) and Phi (F) is expressed in the fundamental proportions of the Great Pyramid.
Numbers of relevance:
The length of a base is 9131 Pyramid Inches from corner to corner in a straight line.
The length of a base side at the base socket level is 9,131 Pyramid Inches or 365.24 Pyramid Cubits.
The length of a base side at sidereal socket level is 9,131.4 Pyramid Inches or 365.256 Pyramid Cubits.
The length of the perimeter at the sidereal socket level is 36,525.63629 Pyramid Inches.
The perfect formula height of the pyramid including the missing apex is 5 813.2355653763 Pyramid Inches, calculated from perimeter of base divided by 2 Pyramid Inches.
The height to the missing apex is 5,812.98 Pyramid Inches.
The volume of the pyramid is: V = 1/3 base area x height = 161,559,817,000 cubic Pyramid Inches = 10,339,828.3 cubic Pyramid Cubits. [(5,813.2355653 Pyramid Inches)/3 * 9 131 Pyramid Inches * 9 131 Pyramid Inches]
Precision of engineering:
The four faces of the pyramid are slightly concave, the only pyramid to have been built this way.
The centres of the four sides are indented with an extraordinary degree of precision forming the only 8 sided pyramid.
The effect is not visible from the ground or from a distance but only from the air, and then only under the proper lighting conditions.
The granite coffer in the “King’s Chamber” is too big to fit through the passages and so it must have been put in place during construction.
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Microscopic analysis of the coffer reveals that it was made with a fixed point drill that used hard jewel bits and a drilling force of 2 tons.
The coffer was sawn out of a block of solid granite. This would have required bronze saws 8-9 ft. long set with teeth of sapphires. Hollowing out of the interior would require tubular drills of the same material applied with a tremendous vertical force.
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The Great Pyramid had a swivel door entrance at one time. Swivel doors were found in only two other pyramids: Khufu’s father and grandfather, Sneferu and Huni, respectively.
It is reported that when the pyramid was first broken into that the swivel door, weighing some 20 tons, was so well balanced that it could be opened by pushing out from the inside with only minimal force, but when closed, was so perfect a fit that it could scarcely be detected and there was not enough crack or crevice around the edges to gain a grasp from the outside.
If the height of the pyramid is taken as the radius of a circle, then the circumference of this circle is the same as the perimeter of the base. This provided the complimentary squaring of a circle and circling of a square. The key to this relationship is knowledge of the value of Pi and designing the angle of the pyramid to be exactly 51 degrees, 51 minutes, and 14.3 seconds.
Embedded Constants:
Tropical Year or Calendar Year: The length of a base side is 9,131 Pyramid Inches measured at the mean socket level, or 365.24 Pyramid Cubits, which is the number of days in a year [9,131/25 = 365.24, accurate to 5 digits]. The perimeter of the base divided by 100 = 365.24, the number of days in a year. [9 131 Pyramid Inches * 4 / 100, accurate to 5 digits]
Tropical Year: The length of the Antechamber used as the diameter of a circle produces a circumference of 365.242 (accurate to 6 digits).
Tropical Year: The ratio of the lengths of the Grand Gallery to the solid diagonal of the King’s Chamber times 100 equals the number of days in a tropical year. [(1,881.5985600 / 51.516461) * 100 = 365.242200, accurate to 8 digits]
Sidereal Year: The length of the antechamber of the King’s Chamber times Pi = length of a sidereal year [116.26471 Pyramid Inches * 3.14159 = 365.25636 days, accurate to 8 digits]
Sidereal Year: The length of a base side at sidereal socket level is 365.256 Pyramid Cubits. [accurate to 6 digits]
Mean Distance to the Sun: Half of the length of the diagonal of the base times 10^6 = average distance to the sun
Mean Distance to Sun: The height of the pyramid times 10^9 represents the mean radius of the earth’s orbit around the sun, or Astronomical Unit (AU). [5,813.235565376 Pyramid Inches x 10^9 = 91,848,816.9 miles]
Mean Distance to Moon: The length of the Jubilee passage times 7 times 10^7 is the mean distance to the moon. [215.973053 Pyramid Inches * 7 * 10^7 = 1.5118e10 Pyramid Inches = 238,865 miles]
Sun’s Radius: Twice the perimeter of the bottom of the granite coffer times 10^8 is the sun’s mean radius. [270.45378502 Pyramid Inches* 10^8 = 427,316 miles]
Earth’s Polar Radius: The Sacred Cubit times 10^7 = polar radius of the earth (distance from North Pole to earth’s centre) [25 Pyramid Inches * 10^7 * (1.001081 in / 1 Pyramid Inches) * (1 ft / 12 in) * (1 mi/ 5280 ft) = 3,950 miles]
Earth’s Polar Radius: The Pyramid embodies a scale ratio of 1/43,200. The height * 43200 = 3,938.685 miles, which is the polar radius of the earth to within 11 mi.
Radius of the Earth: The curvature designed into the faces of the pyramid exactly matches the radius of the earth.
Equatorial Circumference of the Earth: The Pyramid embodies a scale ratio of 1/43,200. The perimeter of the base * 43,200 = 24,734.94 miles, which is within 170 miles of the equatorial circumference of the earth.
Earth’s Volume: The product of the pyramid’s volume and density times 10^15 equals the ratio of volume to density of the earth. [10,339,823.3 cubic cubits * 0.4078994 * 10^15 = 4.21760772 x 10^21 cubic cubits = 259.93 x 10^9 cubic miles]
Earth’s Mass: Mass of the pyramid = volume * density = 10,339,823.3 cubic cubits * 0.4078994 earth density = 4,217,497. The mass converted to pyramid tons = 4,217,607.72 * 1.25 = 5,272,010 pyramid tons. Since the mean density of the earth was defined as 1.0, then the mass of the earth is 10^15 times the mass in pyramid tons = 5.272 x 10^21 pyramid tons = 5.99 x 10^24 Kg
Speed of Earth around the Sun: The Pyramid Inch times 10^8 = the speed of the earth around the sun, circa 2600 BCE
Mass of the Earth: The weight of the pyramid is estimated at 5,955,000 tons. Multiplied by 10^8 gives a reasonable estimate of the earth’s mass.
Average Land Height: The average height of land above sea level for the earth is 5,449 inches. This is also the height of the pyramid.
The Light Equation: The height of the Great Pyramid, minus the height of the capstone represents one millionth the time it takes light to travel the mean radius of the earth’s orbit around the sun (1 astronomical unit) using 1 Pyramid Inch equals 24 hours (mean solar day). [(5,813.2355653 - 103.0369176) /
10^6 = .0057101986+ days = 493.36116 seconds = 8 minutes, 13.36 seconds]
The Velocity of Light: With distance of one A.U. known and the transit time of light for this same distance the velocity of light can be found. [91,848,816.9 miles / 493.36+ seconds = 186,169.5 miles/sec]
The Sun’s Parallax: The size of the earth as viewed from the Sun and expressed as an angle and generally taken to be 1/2 the diameter at the equator (Solar Equatorial Parallax) is 8.9008091 seconds of arc using 91848,817 miles as the mean distance to the sun and 3,963.4914 miles as the equatorial radius. The distance between the mean socket level and the height of the leveled bedrock is 8.9008 Pyramid Inches.
Astronomical:
The Descending Passage pointed to the pole star Alpha Draconis, circa 2170-2144 BCE. This was the North Star at that point in time. No other star has aligned with the passage since then.
The 344ft length of the Descending Passage provides an angle of view of only +/- 1/3 of a degree. Alpha Draconis has not been in alignment for thousands of years. The next alignment will be with the North Star, Polaris, in about 2004 CE. Polaris in Greek means “Satan”.
The southern shaft in the King’s Chamber (45 deg, 00 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Al Nitak (Zeta Orionis) in the constellation Orion, circa 2450 BCE The Orion constellation was associated with the Egyptian god Osiris. No other star aligned with this shaft during that Epoch.
The northern shaft in the King’s Chamber (32 deg, 28 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Alpha Draconis, circa 2450 BCE
The southern shaft in the Queen’s Chamber (39 deg, 30 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Sirius, circa 2450 BCE Sirius was associated with the Egyptian goddess Isis and is also part of a unique ceremony practiced by the African Dogon tribe.
The northern shaft in the Queen’s Chamber (39 deg, 00 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Ursa Minor, circa 2450 BCE
Pyramids mirror Orion Constellation: The pyramid positions on the ground are a reflection of the positions of the stars in the constellation Orion circa 10400BCE Five of the 7 brightest stars have pyramid equivalents: The 3 great pyramids of Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura for the belt of Orion, the pyramid of Nebka at Abu Rawash corresponds to the star Saiph, the pyramid at Zawat al Aryan corresponds to the star Bellatrix. The only two missing star positions are for Betelgeuse and Rigel.
Marks Spring Equinox: Due to the angle of the sides of the pyramid vs. its latitude, it casts no shadow at noon during the spring equinox.
Precession of the Equinoxes: The sum of the pyramid’s two base diagonals in Pyramid Inches = length of the Precession of the Equinoxes (25,827 years)
Precession of the Equinoxes: The distance from the ceiling of the King’s Chamber to the apex of the pyramid = 4,110.5 Pyramid Inches. Which is the radius of a circle whose circumference = the precession of the equinoxes. [4,110.5 * 2 * Pyramid Inches = 25,827]
Precession of the Equinoxes: The perimeter of the 35th course of blocks, which is much thicker than any of the other courses, gives a figure for the precession of the equinoxes.
Units of Measurement:
The Pyramid Inch (PI) = 1.0011 present inches, and 1.0010846752 British Inches.
The Pyramid Cubit or Sacred Cubit = 25 pyramid inches.
None of us were there.
Even ‘informed’ and not so idle conjectures are lacking . . . all of them.
The piramidal structure, if built correctly in the proper ratios is very resistent to plat tectonic upheavals. But I can understand why it is fun folks like you to piss in other peoples’ punch.
“Paid workers, not slaves probably built the pyramids...”
In all probability, the pyramids of Giza pre-date Noah’s Flood. Not built by slave labor, especially not Israelite slave labor during their 400 year ‘sojourn’ in Egypt. The pyramids were there, and the Pharaohs ‘borrowed’ them.
The pyramids at Saqqara were probably attempts on the part of the Egyptians to ‘copy’ the Giza pyramids. The Step Pyramid is a crude attempt to copy those at Giza. I do not believe it was a first attempt to build a pyramid, but the first attempt on the part of Egyptians to build a pyramid (there were no ‘Egyptians’ when the Giza pyramids were built).
Btw, there is nothing ‘crude’ about the pyramids at Giza, especially the Great Pyramid’ and it likely has locational and positional significance.
Think of it as an Egyptian Stimulus Package.