Introduction: What is (Proto-)Indo-European?
Nineteenth century comparisons of older languages such as Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Gothic showed that similarities among word forms with similar meanings were so systematic and so arbitrary as to rule out chance or borrowing as an explanation. Such systematic similarities, it was argued, could only have resulted if the speakers of these languages once formed a community that then broke up as groups of its speakers migrated to different places. Because these languages ranged geographically from Europe to India, their prehistoric ancestor was called (Proto-)Indo-European, German (Ur-)Indogermanisch.
The Indo-European Languages are divided into branches, which are traditional groupings of the languages for which texts are attested: IE (Sample) Texts.
Indo-European & Non-Indo-European Languages
At the same time that scholars were discovering genetic relations among Indo-European languages such as Welsh, Irish, German, Hindi, and Bengali, or Finno-Ugric languages such as Finnish, Hungarian, and Estonian and Kartvelian languages such as Georgian, or Altaic languages such as Turkish, some also noticed typological similarities among the linguistic structures of genetically unrelated languages such as Japanese and Turkish. Studies of geographical culture areas such as the Ancient Near East further show that culturally-linked regions share non-genetic similarities. The page, IE Linguistics, leads to linguistic traits of Indo-European languages such as their sounds, word formation, grammar, and lexicon.
Hypotheses about the nature of prehistoric (Proto-)Indo-European are based on comparisons of attested language data. Reconstructed proto-words or roots of words PIE Roots are related to Carl D. Buck's semantic categories in the Semantic Fields section, all making up parts of the IE Lexicon. Semantic categories represented by words in the attested languages are likely to reflect IE Culture and the culture of areas where Proto-IE was once spoken.
Early landmark findings concerning the regularity of correspondences are excerpted here under Lehmann's Reader, while the Journal of Indo-European Studies, among other journals, contains ongoing studies of Indo-European language and culture. The Scholars' Publications begins to list authors and publication titles relating to subparts of Indo-European together with authors' email addresses, while the Early IE Languages Online project is creating lessons to make texts in the older IE languages more accessible, while the Publications Index begins to index publications about Indo-European by topic, in particular those dealing with language typology.
Updated: 11 Jan. 2007 AJC; 22 Jan. 2007 CFJ