Duke, the Magna Carta, & Nifong - Is Nol Pros Nifong's Final Move?

U.S. Supreme Court Reports KLOPFER v. NORTH CAROLINA, 386 U.S. 213 (1967) 386 U.S. 213 KLOPFER v. NORTH CAROLINA. CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA. No. 100. Argued December 8, 1966. Decided March 13, 1967.

Petitioner's trial on a North Carolina criminal trespass indictment ended with a declaration of a mistrial when the jury failed to reach a verdict. After the case had been postponed for two terms, petitioner filed a motion with the trial court in which he petitioned the court to ascertain when the State intended to bring him to trial. While this motion was being considered, the State's prosecutor moved for permission to take a " nolle prosequi with leave," a procedural device whereby the accused is discharged from custody but remains subject to prosecution at any time in the future at the discretion of the prosecutor. Although petitioner objected that the trespass charge was abated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and that entry of the nolle prosequi order would violate his federal right to a speedy trial, the trial court, without stated justification, granted the prosecutor's motion. On appeal, the State Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's action, holding that while a defendant has a right to a speedy trial if there is to be a trial, that right does not require the State to prosecute if the prosecutor, in his discretion and with the court's approval, elects to take a nolle prosequi. Held: By indefinitely postponing prosecution on the indictment over petitioner's objection and without stated justification, the State denied petitioner the right to a speedy trial guaranteed to him by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Federal Constitution. Pp. 219-226.

Andrew A. Vanore, Jr., argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were T. W. Bruton, Attorney General of North Carolina, and Ralph Moody, Deputy Attorney General.

William W. Van Alstyne and Melvin L. Wulf filed a brief for the American Civil Liberties Union et al., as amici curiae. [386 U.S. 213, 214]

The question involved in this case is whether a State may indefinitely postpone prosecution on an indictment without stated justification over the objection of an accused who has been discharged from custody. It is presented in the context of an application of an unusual North Carolina criminal procedural device known as the " nolle prosequi with leave."

Under North Carolina criminal procedure, when the prosecuting attorney of a county, denominated the solicitor, determines that he does not desire to proceed further with a prosecution, he may take a nolle prosequi, thereby declaring " that he will not, at that time, prosecute the suit further. Its effect is to put the defendant without day, that is, he is discharged and permitted to go whithersoever he will, without entering into a recognizance to appear at any other time." Wilkinson v. Wilkinson, 159 N.C. 265, 266-267, 74 S. E. 740, 741 (1912). But the taking of the nolle prosequi does not permanently terminate proceedings on the indictment. On the contrary, " When a nolle prosequi is entered, the case may be restored to the trial docket when ordered by the judge upon the solicitor's application." State v. Klopfer, 266 N.C. 349, 350, 145 S. E. 2d 909, 910 (1966). And if the solicitor petitions the court to nolle prosequi the case " with leave," the consent required to reinstate the prosecution at a future date is implied in the order " and the solicitor (without further order) may have the case restored for trial." Ibid. Since the indictment is not discharged by either a nolle prosequi or a nolle prosequi with leave, the statute of limitations remains tolled. State v. Williams, 151 N.C. 660, 65 S. E. 908 (1909). [386 U.S. 213, 215]

Although entry of a nolle prosequi is said to be " usually and properly left to the discretion of the Solicitor," State v. Moody, 69 N.C. 529, 531 (1873), early decisions indicate that the State was once aware that the trial judge would have to exercise control over the procedure to prevent oppression of defendants. See State v. Smith, 129 N.C. 546, 40 S. E. 1 (1901); State v. Thornton, 35 N.C. 256 (1852). But, in the present case, neither the court below nor the solicitor offers any reason why the case of petitioner should have been nolle prossed except for the suggestion of the Supreme Court that the solicitor, having tried the defendant once and having obtained only a mistrial, " may have concluded that another go at it would not be worth the time and expense of another effort." 266 N.C., at 350, 145 S. E. 2d, at 910. In his brief in this Court, the Attorney General quotes this language from the opinion below in support of the judgment.

Whether this procedure is presently sustained by the North Carolina courts under a statute or under their conception of the common-law procedure is not indicated by the opinion of the court, the transcript or the briefs of the parties in the present case. The only statutory reference to a nolle prosequi is in 15-175, General Statutes of North Carolina, 1 which on its face does not apply to the facts of this case. Perhaps the procedure's [386 U.S. 213, 216] genesis lies in early nineteenth century decisions of the State's Supreme Court approving the use of a nolle prosequi with leave to reinstate the indictment, although those early applications of the procedure were quite different from those of the period following enactment of 15-175. Compare State v. Thompson, 10 N.C. 613 (1825), and State v. Thornton, 35 N.C. 256 (1852) (capias issued immediately after entry of the nolle prosequi with leave), with State v. Smith, 170 N.C. 742, 87 S. E. 98 (1915) (capias issued eight years after a nolle prosequi with leave was taken, even though the defendant had been available for trial in 1907).

The consequence of this extraordinary criminal procedure is made apparent by the case before the Court. A defendant indicted for a misdemeanor may be denied an opportunity to exonerate himself in the discretion of the solicitor and held subject to trial, over his objection, throughout the unlimited period in which the solicitor may restore the case to the calendar. During that period, there is no means by which he can obtain a dismissal or have the case restored to the calendar for trial. 2 In spite of this result, both the Supreme Court and the Attorney General state as a fact, and rely upon it for affirmance in this case, that this procedure as applied to the petitioner placed no limitations upon him, and was in no way violative of his rights. With this we cannot agree.

This procedure was applied to the petitioner in the following circumstances: [386 U.S. 213, 217]

On February 24, 1964, petitioner was indicted by the grand jury of Orange County for the crime of criminal trespass, a misdemeanor punishable by fine and imprisonment in an amount and duration determined by the court in the exercise of its discretion. 3 The bill charged that he entered a restaurant on January 3, 1964, and, " after being ordered . . . to leave the said premises, wilfully and unlawfully refused to do so, knowing or having reason to know that he . . . had no license therefor . . . ." Prosecution on the indictment began with admirable promptness during the March 1964 Special Criminal Session of the Superior Court of Orange County; but, when the jury failed to reach a verdict, the trial judge declared a mistrial and ordered the case continued for the term.

Several weeks prior to the April 1965 Criminal Session of the Superior Court, the State's solicitor informed petitioner of his intention to have a nolle prosequi with leave entered in the case. During the session, petitioner, through his attorney, opposed the entry of such an order in open court. The trespass charge, he contended, was abated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as construed in Hamm v. City of Rock Hill, 379 U.S. 306 (1964). In spite of petitioner's opposition, the court indicated that it would approve entry of a nolle prosequi with leave if requested to do so by the solicitor. But the solicitor [386 U.S. 213, 218] declined to make a motion for a nolle prosequi with leave. Instead, he filed a motion with the court to continue the case for yet another term, which motion was granted.

The calendar for the August 1965 Criminal Session of the court did not list Klopfer's case for trial. To ascertain the status of his case, petitioner filed a motion expressing his desire to have the charge pending against him " permanently concluded in accordance with the applicable laws of the State of North Carolina and of the United States as soon as is reasonably possible." Noting that some 18 months had elapsed since the indictment, petitioner, a professor of zoology at Duke University, contended that the pendency of the indictment greatly interfered with his professional activities and with his travel here and abroad. " Wherefore," the motion concluded, " the defendant . . . petitions the Court that the Court in the exercise of its general supervisory jurisdiction inquire into the trial status of the charge pending against the defendant and . . . ascertain the intention of the State in regard to the trial of said charge and as to when the defendant will be brought to trial."

In response to the motion, the trial judge considered the status of petitioner's case in open court on Monday, August 9, 1965, at which time the solicitor moved the court that the State be permitted to take a nolle prosequi with leave. Even though no justification for the proposed entry was offered by the State, and, in spite of petitioner's objection to the order, the court granted the State's motion.

On appeal to the Supreme Court of North Carolina, petitioner contended that the entry of the nolle prosequi with leave order deprived him of his right to a speedy trial as required by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Although the Supreme [386 U.S. 213, 219] Court acknowledged that entry of the nolle prosequi with leave did not permanently discharge the indictment, it nevertheless affirmed. Its opinion concludes:

" Without question a defendant has the right to a speedy trial, if there is to be a trial. However, we do not understand the defendant has the right to compel the State to prosecute him if the state's prosecutor, in his discretion and with the court's approval, elects to take a nolle prosequi. In this case one jury seems to have been unable to agree. The solicitor may have concluded that another go at it would not be worth the time and expense of another effort.

" In this case the solicitor and the court, in entering the nolle prosequi with leave followed the customary procedure in such cases. Their discretion is not reviewable under the facts disclosed by this record. The order is affirmed." 266 N.C., at 350-351, 145 S. E. 2d, at 910.

The North Carolina Supreme Court's conclusion - that the right to a speedy trial does not afford affirmative protection against an unjustified postponement of trial for an accused discharged from custody - has been explicitly rejected by every other state court which has considered the question. 4 That conclusion has also been [386 U.S. 213, 220] implicitly rejected by the numerous courts which have held that a nolle prossed indictment may not be reinstated at a subsequent term. 5 [386 U.S. 213, 221] We, too, believe that the position taken by the court below was erroneous. The petitioner is not relieved of the limitations placed upon his liberty by this prosecution merely because its suspension permits him [386 U.S. 213, 222] to go " whithersoever he will." The pendency of the indictment may subject him to public scorn and deprive him of employment, and almost certainly will force curtailment of his speech, associations and participation in unpopular causes. By indefinitely prolonging this oppression, as well as the " anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation," 6 the criminal procedure condoned in this case by the Supreme Court of North Carolina clearly denies the petitioner the right to a speedy trial which we hold is guaranteed to him by the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.

While there has been a difference of opinion as to what provisions of this Amendment to the Constitution apply to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, that question has been settled as to some of them in the recent cases of Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), and Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400 (1965). In the latter case, which dealt with the confrontation-of-witnesses provision, we said:

" In the light of Gideon, Malloy, and other cases cited in those opinions holding various provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to the States by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment, the statements made in West and similar cases generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to the States can no longer be regarded as the law. We hold that petitioner was entitled to be tried in accordance with the protection of the confrontation guarantee of the Sixth Amendment, and that that guarantee, like the right against compelled self-incrimination, is `to be enforced against the States under the Fourteenth Amendment according to the same standards that protect those personal [386 U.S. 213, 223] rights against federal encroachment.' Malloy v. Hogan, supra, 378 U.S., at 10 ." 7

We hold here that the right to a speedy trial is as fundamental as any of the rights secured by the Sixth Amendment. That right has its roots at the very foundation of our English law heritage. Its first articulation in modern jurisprudence appears to have been made in Magna Carta (1215), wherein it was written, " We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either justice or right" ; 8 but evidence of recognition of the right to speedy justice in even earlier times is found in the Assize of Clarendon (1166). 9 By the late thirteenth century, justices, armed with commissions of gaol delivery and/or oyer and terminer 10 were visiting the [386 U.S. 213, 224] countryside three times a year. 11 These justices, Sir Edward Coke wrote in Part II of his Institutes, " have not suffered the prisoner to be long detained, but at their next coming have given the prisoner full and speedy justice, . . . without detaining him long in prison." 12 To Coke, prolonged detention without trial would have been contrary to the law and custom of England; 13 but he also believed that the delay in trial, by itself, would be an improper denial of justice. In his explication of Chapter 29 of the Magna Carta, he wrote that the words " We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either justice or right" had the following effect:

" And therefore, every subject of this realme, for injury done to him in bonis, terris, vel persona, by any other subject, be he ecclesiasticall, or temporall, free, or bond, man, or woman, old, or young, or be he outlawed, excommunicated, or any other without exception, may take his remedy by the course of the law, and have justice, and right for the injury done to him, freely without sale, fully without any deniall, and speedily without delay." 14 [386 U.S. 213, 225]

Coke's Institutes were read in the American Colonies by virtually every student of the law. 15 Indeed, Thomas Jefferson wrote that at the time he studied law (1762-1767), " Coke Lyttleton was the universal elementary book of law students." 16 And to John Rutledge of South Carolina, the Institutes seemed " to be almost the foundation of our law." 17 To Coke, in turn, Magna Carta was one of the fundamental bases of English liberty. 18 Thus, it is not surprising that when George Mason drafted the first of the colonial bills of rights, 19 he set forth a principle of Magna Carta, using phraseology similar to that of Coke's explication: " [I]n all capital or criminal prosecutions," the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 provided, " a man hath a right . . . to a speedy trial . . . ." 20 That this right was considered fundamental at this early period in our history is evidenced by its guarantee in the constitutions of several of the States of the new nation, 21 [386 U.S. 213, 226] as well as by its prominent position in the Sixth Amendment. Today, each of the 50 States guarantees the right to a speedy trial to its citizens. The history of the right to a speedy trial and its reception in this country clearly establish that it is one of the most basic rights preserved by our Constitution.

For the reasons stated above, the judgment must be reversed and remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with the opinion of the Court.

[ Footnote 1 ] N.C. Gen. Stat. 15-175 (1965): " A nolle prosequi `with leave' shall be entered in all criminal actions in which the indictment has been pending for two terms of court and the defendant has not been apprehended and in which a nolle prosequi has not been entered, unless the judge for good cause shown shall order otherwise. The clerk of the superior court shall issue a capias for the arrest of any defendant named in any criminal action in which a nolle prosequi has been entered when he has reasonable ground for believing that such defendant may be arrested or upon the application of the solicitor of the [386 U.S. 213, 216] district. When any defendant shall be arrested it shall be the duty of the clerk to issue a subpoena for the witnesses for the State indorsed on the indictment." The provision was originally enacted in 1905.

[ Footnote 2 ] On oral argument, counsel for the State informed the Court that a North Carolina indictment could be quashed only if it contained a vitiating defect. See also N.C. Gen. Stat. 15-153, 15-155 (1965).

[ Footnote 3 ] N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-134 (Supp. 1965). Although not expressly limited by statute, the extent of punishment is limited by N.C. Const. 1868, Art. I, 14 (" Excessive bail should not be required, not excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted" ). See State v. Driver, 78 N.C. 423 (1878). Decisions of the state courts indicate that imprisonment for up to two years would not be an " unusual punishment." See, e. g., State v. Farrington, 141 N.C. 844, 53 S. E. 954 (1906). The constitutional limitation upon the amount of the fine has not been judicially determined.

[ Footnote 4 ] See Rost v. Municipal Court of Southern Judicial District, 184 Cal. App. 2d 507, 7 Cal. Rptr. 869 (1st Dist. 1960); Kistler v. State, 64 Ind. 371 (1879); Jones v. Commonwealth, 114 Ky. 599, 71 S. W. 643 (1903); Barrett v. State, 155 Md. 636, 142 A. 96 (1928); Hicks v. Recorder's Court of Detroit, 236 Mich. 689, 211 N. W. 35 (1926); State v. Artz, 154 Minn. 290, 191 N. W. 605 (1923). See also Jacobson v. Winter, 91 Idaho 11, 415 P.2d 297 (1966); People v. Bryarly, 23 Ill. 2d 313, 178 N. E. 2d 326 (1961); People v. Prosser, 309 N. Y. 353, 130 N. E. 2d 891 (1955); State v. Couture, 156 Me. 231, 163 A. 2d 646 (1960); State v. Keefe, 17 Wyo. 227, 98 P. 122 (1908) (the right to a speedy trial may be violated by [386 U.S. 213, 220] undue delay in bringing a prisoner confined within the State to trial, even though he is not held in custody under the indictment). Dicta in decisions of the Colorado, Iowa, and Utah courts clearly indicate that these States would also hold that the speedy trial right would protect a defendant in petitioner's position: see In re Miller, 66 Colo. 261, 263-264, 180 P. 749, 750-751 (1919); Pines v. District Court of Woodbury County, 233 Iowa 1284, 1294, 10 N. W. 2d 574, 580 (1943); State v. Mathis, 7 Utah 2d 100, 103, 319 P.2d 134, 136 (1957). Although Pennsylvania has not decided the question presented by this case, decisions of its Supreme Court indicate that the " right to a speedy trial" is only applicable to a man held in prison. See Commonwealth ex rel. Smith v. Patterson, 409 Pa. 500, 187 A. 2d 278 (1963). But in that case, the Commonwealth's Supreme Court held that the delay in trying the defendant and the failure to give him notice of the pendency of a complaint for eight years constituted a denial of due process. Moreover, Rule 316 of the Commonwealth's rules of criminal procedure authorizes the court to dismiss a case which has not been brought to trial within a " reasonable time." By rule or legislation in 17 States, any defendant, whether at large or in custody, whose trial has been unduly delayed is entitled to a dismissal. See Ariz. Rule Crim. Proc. 236; Cal. Pen. Code 1382; Ga. Code Ann. 27-1901 (1953); Idaho Code Ann. 19-3501 (1948); Iowa Code 795.2 (Supp. 1966); La. Rev. Stat. 15:7.8-15:7.11 (Supp. 1962); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann., Tit. 15, 1201 (1964); Mont. Rev. Codes Ann. 94-9501 (1947); Nev. Rev. Stat. 178.495; N. J. Rev. Rule Crim. Proc. 3:11-3 (Supp. 1966); N. D. Cent. Code 29-18-01 (1960); Okla. Stat., Tit. 22, 812 (1951); Ore. Rev. Stat. 134.120; S. D. Code 34.2203 (Supp. 1960); Utah Code Ann. 77-51-1 (1953); Wash. Rev. Code 10.46.010; W. Va. Code Ann. 6210 (1961).

[ Footnote 5 ] Thirty States continue to permit a prosecuting official to enter a nolle prosequi. Legislation or court decisions in 13 of these proscribe reinstatement of the indictment at a subsequent term. See Lawson v. People, 63 Colo. 270, 165 P. 771 (1917); Price v. Cobb, 60 Ga. App. 59, 61, 3 S. E. 2d 131, 133 (1939) (by implication), Jones v. Newell, 117 So.2d 752 (D.C. App. Fla., 2d Dist., 1960); State v. Wong, 47 Haw. 361, 389 P.2d 439 (1964); People v. [386 U.S. 213, 221] Watson, 394 Ill. 177, 68 N. E. 2d 265 (1946), cert. denied, 329 U.S. 769 ; La. Rev. Stat. 15:328 (1950); Barrett v. State, 155 Md. 636, 142 A. 96 (1928); State v. Montgomery, 276 S. W. 2d 166 (Mo. 1955); In re Golib, 99 Ohio App. 88, 130 N. E. 2d 855 (1955); State ex rel. Hobbs v. Murrell, 170 Tenn. 152, 93 S. W. 2d 628 (1936); Ex parte Isbell, 48 Tex. Cr. R. 252, 87 S. W. 145 (1905); Dudley v. State, 55 W. Va. 472, 47 S. E. 285 (1904); Woodworth v. Mills, 61 Wis. 44, 20 N. W. 728 (1884). Alabama permits reinstatement of an indictment nolle prossed with leave, but only if the defendant cannot be brought before the court. See Ala. Code, Tit. 15, 251 (Supp. 1965). Thus this procedure is similar to that of filing away the indictment, discussed below. Of the remaining States, only North Carolina and Pennsylvania have held that a nolle prossed indictment could be reinstated at a subsequent term. See Commonwealth v. McLaughlin, 293 Pa. 218, 142 A. 213 (1928). Several States permit the removal of the indictment from the trial docket with leave to reinstate at some indefinite future date. But in each, use of the procedure has been limited to situations in which the defendant cannot be brought before the court or where he has consented to the removal. See, e. g., People v. Fewkes, 214 Cal. 142, 4 P.2d 538 (1931); State v. Dix, 18 Ind. App. 472, 48 N. E. 261 (1897); Lifshutz v. State, 236 Md. 428, 204 A. 2d 541 (1964), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 953 ; Commonwealth v. Dowdican's Bail, 115 Mass. 133 (1874) (indictment may be filed away only after verdict and then only with the consent of the accused); Gordon v. State, 127 Miss. 396, 90 So. 95 (1921) (consent of defendant necessary); Rush v. State, 254 Miss. 641, 182 So.2d 214 (1966) (but not if defendant was in a mental institution at the time the indictment was retired to the files). At one time, Illinois decisions indicated that when an accused was imprisoned within the State on another charge an indictment might be filed away without his consent. See, e. g., People v. Kidd, 357 Ill. 133, 191 N. E. 244 (1934). But these decisions have since been overruled. See People v. Bryarly, 23 Ill. 2d 313, 178 N. E. 2d 326 (1961).

[ Footnote 8 ] Magna Carta, c. 29 [c. 40 of King John's Charter of 1215] (1225), translated and quoted in Coke, The Second Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England 45 (Brooke, 5th ed., 1797).

[ Footnote 9 ] " 4. And when a robber or murderer or thief or receiver of them has been arrested through the aforesaid oath, if the justices are not about to come speedily enough into the country where they have been taken, let the sheriffs send word to the nearest justice by some well-informed person that they have arrested such men, and the justices shall send back word to the sheriffs informing them where they desire the men to be brought before them; and let the sheriffs bring them before the justices." 2 English Historical Documents 408 (1953).

[ Footnote 10 ] An example of the Commission of goal delivery is set forth in Goebel, Cases and Materials on the Development of Legal Institutions 53 (7th rev. 1946): " The lord king to his beloved and faithful Stephen de Segrave and William Fitz Warin, greeting. Know that we have appointed you justices to deliver our gaol at Gloucester, in accordance with the custom of our realm, of the prisoners arrested and held there. And hence we order you that in company with the coroners of the county of Gloucester you convene at Gloucester on the morrow of the festival of the Holy Trinity in the twelfth year of our reign [Monday, May 22, 1228], to deliver the aforementioned gaol, as [386 U.S. 213, 224] aforesaid, for we have ordered our sheriff of Gloucestershire that at the aforesaid time and place he cause to come before you all the prisoners in the aforesaid gaol and all persons attached to appear against them and on account of them. In witness whereof, etc. Dated April 20, in the twelfth year of our reign." " The judges commissioned in a general oyer and terminer commission," Professor Goebel writes, " are ordered to inquire by grand jury of named crimes, from treasons to the pettiest offense, as to all particulars and to hear and determine these according to the law and custom of the realm." Id., at 54.

[ Footnote 14 ] Id., at 55. " Hereby it appeareth," Coke stated in the next paragraph, " that justice must have three qualities, it must be libera, quia nihil iniquius venali justitia; plena, quia justitia non debet [386 U.S. 213, 225] claudicare; et celeris, quia dilatio est quaedam negatio; and then it is both justice and right." Later in the explication of Chapter 29, Coke wrote that in conformity with the promise not to delay justice, all of the King's " commissions of oier, and terminer, of goale delivery, of the peace, &c. have this clause, facturi quod ad justitiam pertinet, secundum legem, and consuetudinem Angliae, that is, to doe justice and right, according to the rule of the law and custome of England . . . ."

[ Footnote 15 ] See Warren, History of the American Bar 157-187 (1911); Meador, Habeas Corpus and Magna Carta 23-24 (1966).

[ Footnote 21 ] See Del. Const., 1792, Art. I, 7; Md. Declaration of Rights, 1776, Art. XIX; Pa. Declaration of Rights, 1776, Art. IX; Va. Declaration of Rights, 1776, 8. Mass. Const., 1780, Part I, Art. XI, provided: " Every subject of the commonwealth ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character. He ought to obtain right and justice freely, and without being obliged [386 U.S. 213, 226] to purchase it; completely, and without any denial; promptly, and without delay; conformably to the laws." This has been construed as guaranteeing to all citizens the right to a speedy trial. See Commonwealth v. Hanley, 337 Mass. 384, 149 N. E. 2d 608 (1958). A similar provision was included in the New Hampshire Constitution of 1784, Part I, Art. XIV. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Vermont, the three States which were admitted to the Union during the eighteenth century, specifically guaranteed the right to a speedy trial in their constitutions. See Vt. Const. 1786, c. I, Art. XIV; Ky. Const. 1792, Art. XII, 10; Tenn. Const. 1796, Art. XI, 9.

While I entirely agree with the result reached by the Court, I am unable to subscribe to the constitutional premises upon which that result is based - quite evidently the viewpoint that the Fourteenth Amendment " incorporates" or " absorbs" as such all or some of the specific provisions of the Bill of Rights. I do not believe that this is sound constitutional doctrine. See my opinion concurring in the result in Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 408 .

I would rest decision of this case not on the " speedy trial" provision of the Sixth Amendment, but on the ground that this unusual North Carolina procedure, [386 U.S. 213, 227] which in effect allows state prosecuting officials to put a person under the cloud of an unliquidated criminal charge for an indeterminate period, violates the requirement of fundamental fairness assured by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. To support that conclusion I need only refer to the traditional concepts of due process set forth in the opinion of THE CHIEF JUSTICE. [386 U.S. 213, 228]

This is kneecapping. Took a spin through archive docs here.

In my usually "unique" way of looking at matters, this caught my attention:

Feb 26, 2003, Duke U: Civil rights activist argues for reparations as remedy--snips:

Society in America today is like a 100-yard dash in which two groups are running, said lawyer, lobbyist and civil rights activist Randall Robinson. "One group runs, and the second group, you shoot them in the knees and say, 'Run! You can catch up!' But you can never catch up because great crimes have never been addressed," he said.

The crime is 246 years of slavery that has yet to be remedied, said Robinson, the keynote speaker of the Black History Month Celebration that culminated with last night's event in Page Auditorium. The speech was sponsored by the Black Student Alliance, the Duke chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Reginaldo Howard Scholars

"The worst crime you can commit to any human beings is to strip them of any memory of themselves and to lead them to believe they have no story," said Robinson, the founder of TransAfrica, an advocacy group for people of African descent. "Since no one knows [what has happened] for African Americans, they can't explain their current condition. For white Americans, they can't explain their current advantage [and so it ends up] explained in languages of racism." ---end snips

Translation: Nifong and the Liberal Lobbies at Duke declare the Duke LAX boys GUILTY before evidence, before discovery. The boys are to have no memory of themselves or even be encouraged to declare their innocence. FA cannot explain her current advantages (low penalties, automatically believed), and so the MSM declares the Duke Boys guilty "explained in the Languages of racism". As reparations droid Robinson has said: "One group runs, and the second group, you shoot them in the knees and say, 'Run! You can catch up!' But you can never catch up because great crimes have never been addressed," he said.

The first group would be FA/Nifong, the second group is the Duke Boys. The crimes against them will never be addressed. They were declared GUILTY before innocent. If Nifong goes for the legal "stall" will the ancestors of the Duke Boys be in hoc for "286 years"?

Sounds absurd. But coming from the left, and Nifong is a lefty, this is exactly how this case has been going; along the usual lefty lines of a revenge cabal.

And in re Duke Itself, the cabal consists of a humongous percentage of Lefty/Democrat Professors to the tune of: the political affiliation of faculty [at Duke]from several departments, including history, literature, sociology and English... the departments had a ratio of 32-to-0, 11-to-0, 9-to-0 and 18-to-1, respectively, in favor of registered Democrats over Republicans.

According to other articles, The Intifada Comes to Duke--snips:

the annual conference of the Palestine Solidarity Movement (PSM). The PSM is an umbrella organization that connects various U.S. and Canadian groups; its yearly gathering offers an opportunity for the constituent elements to establish a visible presence on a prestigious university campus and plan strategy and tactics for a movement dedicated to delegitimizing the state of Israel. Over the last several years, the convocation has been held at Ohio State, the University of Michigan, and the University of California at Berkeley. This past October, it was the turn of Duke University.

Duke’s president Richard Brodhead had only just assumed office last summer when the university announced that it would be hosting the PSM conference in the fall. Because the organizers had followed the proper procedures for mounting such an event, Brodhead explained, the decision to grant approval was an “easy one.” After all, the university was only reaffirming “the importance of the principle of free expression.”

But Brodhead himself, moving beyond his previous stance of avowed neutrality in the name of free expression, issued what amounted to an outright endorsement of the conference.

Another, less practical workshop—“Segregation, Apartheid, and Zionism Are Crimes Against Humanity!”—was led by Bob Brown, a veteran of the Black Power movement of the 1960’s. Brown’s theoretical discourse consisted mostly of unsubstantiated personal anecdotes and random invective. Thus, he reminisced about meeting Saddam Hussein’s spokesman Tariq Aziz in Baghdad in 1974; alleged that Condoleezza Rice’s father had tried to force him to marry her some years back; and referred to the Six-Day war, in which Israel fought off the armies of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, as “the Jew war of ’67.”

Still other sessions were devoted to such subjects as “Jewish dissent,” the ethics of suicide bombing and kindred forms of “resistance,” and miscellaneous other topics. Charles Carlson’s workshop, “The Cause of the Conflict: How Judaized-Christians Enable War,” was inexplicably cancelled.

After three days of meetings, the conference came to a close. “It’s a good thing we did here,” announced the university’s vice president for public affairs, John Burness, setting the tone for a chorus of self-applause. In its own post-mortem roundup, the student-run Chronicle, which had endorsed the PSM’s official refusal to denounce Palestinian terrorism, lauded the university administration for “masterfully” handling the affair and reported with great satisfaction that the “overall tone of the weekend was one of discussion and learning.” Looking to the future, the paper urged upon Duke a positive responsibility “to continue the dialogue the Palestine Solidarity Movement conference initiated.”

But whatever hopes the Jewish campus organizations held out for civil dialogue were rapidly dashed. Representatives of the PSM refused to sign the Joint Israel Initiative, objecting in particular to its condemnation of violence. Not only that, but in the aftermath of the conference, even as the open anti-Semitism on display there was going entirely without censure, Duke’s Jewish organizations themselves—and Jews in general—became the object of furious attack.

The first salvo was an article in the Chronicle by one of its columnists, a Duke senior named Philip Kurian. Headlined “The Jews,” it denounced Jews as “the most privileged ‘minority’ group” in the United States and in particular bemoaned the “shocking overrepresentation” of Jews in academia. Replete with references to the “powerful Jewish establishment” and “exorbitant Jewish privilege in the United States,” the article went on to characterize Jews as a phony minority that can “renounce their difference by taking off the yarmulke.”

Reverting to his by now standard mantra, Brodhead stressed again that the central issue was the importance of “education through dialogue.” “I am grateful,” he wrote, “to the many individuals and groups who helped turn last week’s Palestine Solidarity Movement conference into a peaceful and constructive event,” and “proud to be at a school where difficult matters are dealt with in such a mature and constructive way.”

It is all but impossible to imagine the president of Duke offering a similar encomium to, say, a conference of neo-Nazi rabble-rousers on his campus, or defending a parade of speakers dilating on the “diseased” history of, say, American blacks. It is in fact impossible to imagine Duke agreeing to host such debased goings-on in the first place. In that sense, the administration’s appeals to free expression and dialogue were the purest disingenuousness.

Moreover, and whether or not a university has a duty to license the unfettered expression on its campus of every venomous notion under the sun, the real issue at Duke was always the refusal of the licensing authorities to call such notions by their proper names—in this case, bald anti-Semitism and incitement to the murder of innocents. That refusal on the part of the university and its president, a mark not of “constructive” liberality but of cowardice and complicity, is what led infallibly to the post-conference outbreak of anti-Jewish hatred. Once the guardians of the citadel granted permission to open the gates, is it any surprise that the marauding hordes came storming through?

*******************

I know, I know.."Alia? What's all this gotta do with Jezebelle's thread?"

I'm providing an insight into the temperature, culture, and players surrounding this case, and how and why, and to what possible purpose the "legal stall" technique might be applied and used in this case.

Oh! And there's more on other "interesting Duke bylaws"...Prof arrested for pot [Duke professor charged for Son's crime]--snips:

French and his wife were charged with maintaining a house for selling marijuana after the couple's son allegedly sold the substance to a police officer. Their son was also charged with possession of other drugs.

The University's personnel policy manual states: "Employees as citizens are responsible for knowing about and complying with the provisions of state and federal law that make it a crime to possess, sell, deliver, or manufacture controlled substances. Any member of the University Community who violates the law is subject to prosecution by civil authorities as well as to disciplinary proceedings by the University."

Durham.. Duke...mostly liberal professors... Hm. And only one arrest.. Hmm..

And in consideration of this possible stall...just a reminder here:

Eyewitness News Looks at Party Photos (snipping from alrea's post):

(04/18/06 -- DURHAM) - Eyewitness News and the ABC News law-and-justice unit are getting a chance to examine time-stamped photos taken inside the home on the night of the controversial Duke lacrosse party.

The photos are believed to be authentic and taken by one of the students at the March 13 party. The time stamps on the photos appear to be accurate. Pictures of a wristwatch magnified for clarity correspond with the time on the photos. The players are sitting on three couches in a semicircle with the dancers in the middle.

11:02 p.m.: The first picture shows at least 10 students hanging out in a living room, apparently waiting for the dancers to arrive. Most of the students appear to be drinking. By the number of people in this photo, it appears only a fraction of the 47 lacrosse team members are there.

12 a.m.: This is the first picture of the strippers. Students are watching the show, but not grabbing or attempting to touch the women. Bruises are clearly visible on the legs and thighs of the alleged victim.

12:00:40 a.m.: Another picture taken 40 seconds later shows bruises on the accuser's knees. Her right knee appears to have an open cut.

12:03:57 p.m.: About four minutes after arriving, a picture shows the strippers leaving the room. The photo clearly shows that the alleged victim left behind one of her shoes.

Between 12:10 a.m. and 12:30 a.m.: No photos were taken between this time.

12:30:12 a.m.: The next photo shows the alleged victim on the back porch, carrying what appears to be her purse and a makeup bag. Her clothes are intact.

12:30:47 a.m.: A photo taken 30 seconds later shows the alleged victim on the porch and she appears to smile.

12:31:26 a.m.: But 30 seconds after that, a photo shows the alleged victim stumbling down the back steps of the house.

12:37:58 a.m.: A series of photos are taken, all showing the woman lying on her left side on the back porch, seemingly passed out or asleep. She had visible cuts on her legs and buttocks that did not appear in the previous photos.

The cuts may be from falling. The cuts on her buttocks line up with the edge of a screen door she may have hit on the way down.

12:41 a.m.: The final photo shows the accuser and the second dancer in a black car. The accuser is in the passengers seat.

Many of the photos taken on the back porch show pink splotches, which the defense says is undried nail polish. They claim the accuser was polishing her nails in the bathroom between 12:10 a.m. and 12:30 a.m. - - not being raped.

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