Posted on 08/05/2015 12:20:14 PM PDT by jfd1776
Reflections and a bit of a primer on Illinois next U.S. Senate race
Parties sometimes get a bum rap.
Oh, not always; theres a lot that political parties do that makes them deserve everything said about them. The Democratic Party, for example, is now so uniformly socialist that, when asked on-camera to list any differences between a modern Democrat and a socialist, DNC Chair Rep. Debbie Wasserman-Schultz (D, FL) was unable to identify any.
The Republican Party isnt that easy to categorize. The GOP is the only major party to the right of the Democrats, so it basically gets not only conservatives, but also everyone who cant bear to lower themselves to admit to being socialists. So the GOP has a big tent not so much because the GOP leadership has planned it that way, but because of how unacceptable the modern Democratic Party is to all non-socialists.
This odd transformation over recent generations the transformations of the Democrats into a purely socialist party and of the Republicans into a catch-all for everyone else has warped our politics in ways that vary from state to state. While its relatively easy for Democrats to share a platform nationwide, the Republicans have a much harder time of it. Texas Republicans are mostly conservative; Connecticut Republicans are mostly liberal. Illinois Republicans are an even mix, ranging from solid Reaganites to people to the left of what used to be known as the Weicker/Rockefeller wing.
This makes it harder to be a party official in the Republican Party than to be one in the Democratic Party, so we should give GOP leaders a bit of a break sometimes when they appear to be confused or conflicted. They do have a good deal more complexity to weigh in the balance in their party than Democrat leaders do in theirs.
A Partys Power
That being said, however there are some things that only a party is empowered to do. While the adherence to a consistent platform may be more of a challenge in a big tent like this one, the Republican party does still have considerable control, and therefore influence, due to its apparatus.
The campaign finance rules used to be more skewed in favor of the parties, but even today, parties have considerable sway over political funds. Parties advertise in all media; they acquire and place volunteers and interns. Parties organize issue updates and provide research services; they do their own polling on races, on issues, and on people. Parties have regular organizations of volunteers to populate a campaign or a movement. And parties put people together; they arrange meetings and luncheons and conferences that make the difference plain between which primary candidates have the partys blessing and which ones dont. Parties can grant legitimacy.
And when a party chair says We wish our good friend Candidate X the best of luck in his important reelection next year, that sends a clear message to potential donors, even if theres no formal endorsement a very different message than one sent by the statement Next year will be a very challenging year; we look forward to the primary/caucus voters making a thoughtful decision as they pick our nominee!
Which approach to take when to get responsibly involved in a primary and when to stay responsibly out is one of the greatest challenges for any party official. A difficult decision, but often utterly critical to the end result in the General Election in November.
Because, after all, while the individual candidates job is to be a good public servant if he wins, and the ideologues job is to advance his ideals, a partys job is to win elections. These may all be related goals, but they are nevertheless distinct.
Tops and Bottoms
One of the many jobs of a political party is to consider the electorate and factor it into the years plans. For example, we have a lower turnout in a non-presidential year (known as a midterm election) than in a presidential election. Thus it is that the GOP did spectacularly in 2010 and 2014, but relatively poorly in 2012, even though the economic, social, and foreign policy indicators have been equally poor (and therefore, equally valid campaign issues) throughout the Obama presidency. (No, this is not to say that the different makeup of the electorate is the only reason for the presidential loss, just that it is among the reasons).
The party must therefore respond to these conditions and affect the nomination process, to the extent that it can, in a direction that helps the party select the most winnable nominee(s) for the general election in November.
One could argue that there are two kinds of voters those who care about most or all of the races, and those who care only about the most highly publicized ones. So it is that one of the key jobs of a party is to attract its base to the polls, and to attract other voters to its side of the aisle, largely by focusing on whats known as the top of the ticket.
The goal of any party is for its nominee for the top of the ticket to have coattails meaning that the popularity and excitement associated with the partys most important race in the cycle generates infectious enthusiasm, bringing in voters to vote for the candidates colleagues on the ballot in less important races too. You dont just show up to vote for the president and leave; you hopefully vote for the state rep and state senator and county commissioner of the presidents party too, while youre at it. Even if you dont know them, because those races may not have registered on your personal radar screen, you dont want to waste your trip to the polls; while youre there, you vote for them too.
And if the top of the ticket hadnt drawn you there, your critical votes for those other down-ballot races wouldnt have been there to be cast either.
Different states schedule things differently; some states, like Louisiana and Virginia, hold their state constitutional officers elections (governor, attorney general, secretary of state, etc.) in the November of an odd year, just before the presidential primaries; others, like Illinois and Wisconsin, hold theirs in the even midterm year, halfway between presidential elections.
As a result, for such states without constitutional offices on the ballot in a presidential year, there is a president at the top of the ticket, and then perhaps a senate race if theyre lucky; otherwise the next race to generate any enthusiasm is the Congressional one.
In Illinois in 2016, every voters ballot will have just such precipitous drops as these: the president first, then the senate second, and then the congressman third. In Illinois, most Congressional races are in safe districts thanks to gerrymandering, with relatively few being truly contested.
But heres the key problem: Illinois is considered rightly or wrongly to be a deep blue state in a presidential race. No Republican presidential candidate has carried Illinois in a generation. As much as activists (including this author) may insist that Illinois would be in play for the right candidate, the fact is that most Illinois voters dont believe its possible that their vote will really matter in the presidential race.
So when it comes to the question of a top of the ticket that draws in voters, the senate race is the whole ball of wax in Illinois. Unless the GOP nominates a really exciting candidate for president, one whom people will vote for just for the joy of it, even if they dont think hell win their states, the Illinois nominee for the U.S. Senate is the real key to bringing people to the polls for all those other races too.
If anyone wants voters to show up and support county commissioners, state reps, state senators, and all the other races on the November 2016 ballot in Illinois, hed better hope that the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate seat currently held by Mark Kirk is perceived as exciting enough and winnable enough to draw voters to the polls.
Why Not the Incumbent?
Normally, the easy choice for a party if it has an incumbent in the office is to support that incumbent, and discourage challengers. This makes sense, as the incumbent usually has an immense advantage in name recognition, fundraising, contacts, organization, and respect.
But sometimes there are reasons why an incumbent is weak. History is replete with examples of incumbents recognizing that the odds are against their reelection, and stepping back to avoid the embarrassment and failure of losing the seat in November. Lyndon Johnson recognized it only after the primaries had begun in 1968; Jimmy Carter never realized it and went down to a well-deserved defeat in 1980.
This has happened repeatedly in Illinois U.S. Senate races, in fact. Incumbent Senator Peter Fitzgerald knew hed have difficulty holding his seat in 2004, so he stepped aside (not anticipating how the party would blow it that summer and deliver it to future president Barack Obama). Incumbents Chuck Percy in 1984 and Carol Moseley-Braun in 1998 were both warned by others in their party to step aside for a stronger candidate; both refused, and went down to defeat in the fall.
2016 will be another such year. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, Illinois U.S. Senate incumbent is the Republican Partys weakest candidate for 2016, not its strongest. Mark Kirks negatives always high, but this year off the charts virtually ensure loss of the seat if he wins re-nomination, as he seems determined to attempt, against all sane counsel.
The Case Against Mark Kirk
Mark Kirk is an experienced legislator and veteran. Having served in intelligence and also as a staffer on the Hill to his mentor, former Congressman John Porter, Senator Kirk has exactly the resume that one one would expect to be a winner. His contribution to debate on foreign policy and military matters, in both the Senate and House, have often been thoughtful and positive.
But he has negatives, and they are insurmountable.
Issues:
Throughout his fourteen years in the legislature, Senator Kirk has always allied himself with the moderate/liberal caucus of the Republican Party. For a Chicago north shore representative, this much isnt shocking. Illinois GOP has a very big tent indeed.
But unlike most legislators, Mark Kirk has gone out of his way to drive a wedge between himself and the conservative ranks. From casual comments to scripted speeches, he has made his disdain for those who hold the party platform in high regard painfully clear. His legislative voting record has earned him a miserable 57.54% ACU rating, indicating that he votes against platform conservatism almost as often as he votes for it, putting him among the worst Senators in the GOP caucus.
Again and again, he has voted wrong, not just on minor issues, but on huge ones of importance to the base, from his support for a Global Warming inspired Carbon Tax scheme at the beginning of his Senate career, to his position as the sole Republican vote against defunding of Planned Parenthood when the baby organ selling scandal broke.
Kirk has spent his career causing conservatives who always come home to the party nominee in November to question whether this enemy of the party and the people should perhaps be an exception to that rule. He makes good Republicans wonder whether his undependability properly puts him in the same bucket as such former senators as Arlen Specter and Jim Jeffords, people so dangerous to the cause that wed actually be better off with a Democrat holding the seat.
Party Loyalty:
For many, the party loyalty argument goes an incredibly long way, and perhaps rightfully so. But Mark Kirk himself voided that argument in 2014, when he refused to support the GOP nominee against his seatmate, Democrat Whip Dick Durbin.
In a move that amazed political onlookers of all stripes, Mark Kirk refused to support Illinois State Senator Jim Oberweis in his bid to unseat Dick Durbin for the other Illinois seat in the U.S. Senate.
Instead, Kirk amazingly endorsed Durbin for reelection. It hardly needs mention that it is utterly inconceivable that the uber-partisan Durbin would return such a favor. Kirks apostasy on this matter forever lost him the support of all those who had only been voting for him out of party loyalty all along; not just conservatives but Republicans of all stripes shook the dust of the Kirk campaign off their sandals over a year ago, and will never consider supporting him in any way again. And rightly so.
Electoral Strength:
Mark Kirk won his Senate seat in 2010 with a minority of the vote. He defeated Democrat Alexi Giannoulias with a margin of only 48% to the Democrats 46%... third party candidate made up the remaining six points.
Monday morning quarterbacking is of course always imprecise and sometimes unfair, but there are certain lessons from this example. Kirk was then an ethically-unblemished five-term Congressman and veteran; Giannoulias was a Chicago pol known even to the liberal mainstream media as the mobs banker. Unusual for the mainstream media in modern America, the press actually sided with Kirk in 2010, and he still couldnt make it to fifty percent against a Chicago Democrat tarred with a two-bit role on the wrong side of the banking crisis!
In addition, remember what a year 2010 was. Were talking about the same day that Republicans captured the governorships of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Republicans took eleven governorships away from the Democrats across the country that day, but Mark Kirk couldnt even get to fifty percent with the medias help.
The party leadership which had successfully talked other big name Republicans out of the primary in 2010 on the argument that Kirk was the strongest possible choice has to admit that they were wrong. Their argument was based on the theory that with Mark Kirk on top of the ticket, hed have coattails, helping win the governorship and hopefully one house in Springfield. That certainly happened elsewhere in the country that day but not in Illinois.
Mark Kirk is a loner in politics. He is a man without coattails in a year and a state in which coattails are a critical prerequisite. The Republican Party of Illinois cannot afford people at the top of the ticket who dont work as a team with the rest of the ticket and bring downballot victories along in the wake of their victories.
The Stroke:
This is a difficult issue to discuss, because an analyst must be fair but it must be said: Mark Kirk is not healthy enough to run a vigorous campaign. He was elected at the prime of health, able to live the challenging life of a statewide candidate, traveling, walking, and giving speeches from dawn until late at night. This is no Rhode Island or Vermont; Illinois is a big state with a lot of ground to cover; a candidate must be healthy to run a campaign.
But Mark Kirks stroke took him out of the senate for a full year, and while his recuperation has been worthy of compliment, it is far from complete. His speech isnt fully back, his energy will obviously never return, and hes lost even the limited filter that he previously managed over his sometimes outlandish commentary.
His opponent will be able to mop the floor with him in debate, but even besides that, the normal day today rigor of a campaign is simply beyond him. A one-term senator cannot run a rose garden campaign, and that, frankly, is all that he is now capable of.
Nobody is as conscious of his health challenges as Kirk himself, as he struggles to talk and walk every hour of every day. His insistence on running this Quixotic campaign is therefore inexplicable, unless he thinks himself to be the 21st century version of New Yorks Jacob Javits but there is no similarity. Illinois is bluer than New York was in those days, and even wheelchair-bound, Javits was a far stronger campaigner than Kirk has a prayer of being in 2016. And Javits lost his race when he was still in better health than the much younger Mark Kirk is today.
Mark Kirk deserves to retire on disability. Whatever a voter may think of his voting record and his frequent alliances with the Left, all must acknowledge that his legislative and naval service entitle him to a dignified retirement.
But they dont entitle him to a renomination certain to go down in flames in November, possibly taking the majority with him in what is sure to be terribly challenging year for the GOPs U.S. Senate prospects.
So Whats To Be Done?
The issue is clear: The Republican Party needs to nominate someone else in Illinois in 2016. One question is who but first, an earlier question must be resolved: will it be with the partys support or over the partys proverbial dead body?
At this writing, both the national and state Republican Party apparatus are all-in for a Mark Kirk re-nomination. There are many possible reasons why, some too depressing to contemplate, but its worth stressing that the state and national partys reasons may indeed be very different.
The national party tends to take its cue on such matters from the state party. The farther you get from Washington, the more likely the RNC is to assume that locals can better gauge the lay of the land than they can. And yes, in most cases, this is probably true.
But not in this case. For whatever reason the state party is still discouraging challengers, the fact is that a Kirk nomination will both doom the seat and deny everyone downballot of every a prayer of their needed coattails effect. The national party needs to overrule the state in this case, and send out the word, to PACs and other donor databases, that Illinois needs an open primary.
The donors will come and so will the candidates but only when the party sends out the word that its okay. Maybe it shouldnt be that way, but were living in Realville, so lets acknowledge the fact.
The question is therefore how to get there? How do we send the word that Kirk is unacceptable and a primary is needed?
The logical way is for the partys grassroots to make it known. Illinois has 102 counties. Many of those counties, particularly the most populous ones, have party organizations at the township level.
If we want to have a chance at holding this Senate seat in 2016, each and every party organization needs to vote on a resolution, short and sweet:
Resolved; in the interest of holding Illinois sole seat in the U.S. Senate, this organization calls for a vigorous primary to select a new nominee other than the incumbent who can win in November.
It becomes plainer every day that a new nominee is needed, and it has now become clear that this is the only way to get the national party to see reason on the matter. The national party cannot possibly deny such a call from dozens or hopefully even a majority of the party organizations across Illinois.
Grassroots have been responsible for many of the key electoral victories that Republicans have enjoyed. Remember that the party leadership stood in the way of Illinois favorite son, Ronald Reagan, until the grassroots won him the nomination in 1980 so he could win us his two landslide elections.
The time has come for the grassroots to act again.
Copyright 2015 John F. Di Leo
John F. Di Leo is a Chicago-based trade compliance expert and writer. A former movement conservative activist during the Reagan era, he served in leadership roles in the Maine Township Republican Organization in the 1980s and as Milwaukee County Republican Chairman in the mid 1990s.
Permission is hereby granted to forward freely, provided it is uncut and the IR URL and byline are included. Follow John F. Di Leo on Facebook or LinkedIn, or on Twitter at @johnfdileo, or on his own page at www.johnfdileo.com.
You fight with the army you have. I don’t buy the argument that RINOs aka soft conservatives hurt. Giuliani is a RINO, yet he made NY wonderful and livable. Democrats just make things worse. I know. I live with their destruction every day. I can work with RINOs. I have done it successfully. It just takes leadership.
I’m not going to cut off my nose to spite my face and let Democrats continue their destruction of all I hold dear. If, at best, the RINOs just destroy things a little slower it’s an improvement.
You and I have had this same argument repeatedly and we don’t agree.
Giuliani is a poor example to use, since he came in and did accomplish cleaning up the city from its ghastly level crime rates (2,000+ murders per year). As far as NYC residents were concerned, he WAS a Conservative. If he had moved up to Albany as Governor and had to deal with other issues separate from municipal law & order, we may have seen a different story and outcome.
However, where RG does make my point is that he was succeeded by a left-wing RINO in Bloomberg, who then paved the way for the Communist Wilhelm de Blasio. It is almost inevitable when a liberal R is elected they will be succeeded by an actual Democrat and not the other way around. Look at any Governorship in the country and that’s virtually how it plays out.
Had Dubya been a Conservative President like Reagan or Coolidge, he would not have been succeeded by a Communist.
Had Dubya been a Conservative President like Reagan or Coolidge, he would not have been succeeded by a Communist.
When I read ridiculous stuff like the above I just cannot take you seriously. Coolidge was followed by Hoover. Hoover started the policies that FDR would follow and by them extend the contraction into a full out depression. (BTW Roosevelt hammered Hoovers 'big government' programs during the election)
Reagan was followed by HW Bush his VP who rode his coattails into the Presidency. Your commentary there is more accurate because Bush was defeated by his breaking a tax pledge and Perot's 3rd party run. Without Perot Bush would have defeated Clinton and we wouldn't have gotten Obama because Clinton made an Obama Presidency possible. Dubya served two terms and cannot be faulted because America let a commie become POTUS.
So you have a single example. Look up any RINOs score on ACU, Heritage, et al and, at least for Senate, it's better than the most conservative Dem.
Any old POS wearing the GOP-E label, right?
I voted for Gianoulias last time but I won't vote for Comrade Quack Quack or, of course, for Nancyboy Kirk. Living in Illinois means there are always worthy minor party candidates in every race.
I did not vote for leftist Romney last POTUS election and I will not vote Republican for POTUS unless and until the GOP-E gets the hell out of the way and a patriotic, socially conservative, pro-gun, etc., candidate is nominated.
You may want to cuddle up to the sort of trash that infests the GOP-E Senate caucus (Nancyboy Kirk Thad Cockroach, LAMAR!!!, Robert Corker, Lisa Murkowski, Susan Collins, John Cornyn, Mitch McConnell, John McCain, Jeff Flake and many more of their ilk). They carry the kneepads of the US Chamber of Crony Commerce. eager to service the greedheads at a moment's notice and the voters be damned.
Unlike you, I prefer that my country not be destroyed, quick or slow. Likewise the Republican Party.
The Devil you say!
So you agree with me that RINOs are always more destructive than Democrats ? Didn't think so.
"When I read ridiculous stuff like the above I just cannot take you seriously. Coolidge was followed by Hoover. Hoover started the policies that FDR would follow and by them extend the contraction into a full out depression. (BTW Roosevelt hammered Hoovers 'big government' programs during the election)"
You've misunderstood what I've said again, plus you're also making my argument in the same paragraph. #1, like Bush won Reagan's 3rd term, Hoover won Coolidge's 2nd. I said Conservative Republicans are often succeeded by ANOTHER Republican. I did not say what kind ! Bush, Sr. misrepresented himself as one who would continue Reagan's policies, when he did not believe in them, and proceeded to screw the proverbial goose on breaking his word on taxes.
Hoover, who started out a Progressive Wilsonian initially wanted to run for President in 1920 as a Democrat, but recognized the brand was so damaged, he'd be committing political suicide and became a Republican and later secured a Cabinet posting. He also claimed he would continue as a regular Republican following in the footsteps of Coolidge, but eventually moved away from that in dealing with the Depression. Because he opted to start going with "Progressive" policies rather than stand firm and ride out what should've been the Panic of 1929, it gave FDR and the Democrats an opening. Like Clinton in 1992, he also attempted to run to Bush's right (as FDR did 60 years earlier) on taxation.
Point being these were RINOs who won on the prosperity and success of their Conservative predecessors (whose policies only reared their heads in time, and undid all the good work). If Dubya had followed in the footsteps of Reagan instead of going with the big spending Congress (1st RINO, then Democrat), he'd have paved the way for a Republican successor. Instead, we got Zero and the Dems got a substantial enough majority to force down the throats their radical agenda. The RINOs made that happen, nobody else. So please stop insulting us by telling us how much better they are. RINOs were responsible for giving us the most corrupt and disastrous regimes throughout the 20th century and leading into the 21st.
Your argument is a logical fallacy named: post hoc ergo propter hoc.
Unless a viable conservative candidate shows up, I’m voting for Kirk.
As a follow up, no Bush, Sr. would not have defeated Clinton with Perot out of the race in 1992. Clinton would’ve needed not even 1/3rd of the Perot vote to win, and there were enough people mad at Bush that that would’ve occurred. Bush needed over 2/3rds to win. He wasn’t getting it. Not in 1992, not with that terrible, weak campaign, not without Lee Atwater.
Nope. I answered your points, and you didn’t even realize you agreed with my argument in your own words.
You can vote for Kirk if you so choose, but nobody will pat you on the back for it. You’re voting for a Socialist who is corrupt and takes his marching orders from the same cabal that installed Zero. You were told that almost 6 years ago, and it is no less true today.
Your response is to vote Republican no matter how odious. That’s your choice, but understand what it means to people who have ideologically Conservative principles. No party automatically earns my vote. Only those candidates with whom I agree or feel possess the character, honesty and integrity to serve in the office they run for. That’s why I voted for Virgil Goode for President in 2012, and if the GOP runs another anti-Conservative Socialist (like El Jebbe, Gary Condit’s Eskimo Bro Kasich, Krispy Kreme Stay Puft or the buffoon crew, they can go screw).
You’ll have to prove that. Perot’s entire job was to stop Bush from winning. Remember when he pulled out and Bush surged?
My response is to vote Republican because the Democrat is more odious.
Giannoulis instead of Kirk?
Duckworth instead of Kirk?
How are either of those better?
I don’t believe I’ve ever voted for the perfect candidate. It’s always a choice in politics between preferences, imperfect preferences. The only time I get what I want is in the free market.
I’ll not turn the Senate over to Dems just to satisfy some masochistic urge.
So you don’t have to prove yours and everyone else in opposition to you has to prove theirs, eh ? Trolling tactic.
Yes, I do know Perot was there for the sole purpose of stopping Bush, but ultimately, I don’t think it would’ve mattered because Bush’s candidacy died of self-inflicted wounds. I was following that race every day, since after all, it was my Senator and neighboring Governor, leftists both, that had me alarmed for what they were planning.
Perot at one point scared himself out of the race when he took the lead (with Bush in 2nd and Clinton in 3rd). But your recollection of what happened when he pulled out before reentering is faulty. It was Clinton, not Bush, who surged when Perot pulled out, surging to 1st place and Bush never recovered, and it had little impact when Perot reentered. A substantial bloc (which turned out to be 62 1/2% of the electorate) ended up being anti-Bush.
Funny thing is, Clinton maintained the Democrat bedrock vote of 43% or so, virtually just a point or so below what Dukakis got (so it meant he didn’t have to get that much of the opposition bloc that went to Perot in order to score a win).
Bush failed to keep even the GOP bedrock vote of 43-45%. He got below Goldwater’s level in 1964, indeed the worst performance since Alf Landon in 1936. Again, Bush only had himself to blame. Had he stayed on course, kept his word on taxes and stood up to the Democrat thugs in Congress, he’d have coasted to an easy reelection victory. But that’s what you get when you elect a RINO squish that doesn’t believe in Conservatism.
Why are the Dems better ? Because they’re not lying about their true leftist agenda. Kirk is. They won’t get the GOP and the downballot candidates painted with his ineptitude, corruption and horrible voting record.
If you’re going to elect a leftist, let it be the Democrat. Let them wear the mantle of corruption, failed policies and statism. The GOP and its candidates should stand for the polar opposite. Honesty, pro-Constitution, pro-Conservatism, pro-family and pro-God.
Kirk is none of the latter.
BTW, what’s the current “Majority” leadership in Congress under RINOs Weeping Boner and My Bitch Mitch doing to stop Zero’s agenda ? Not a damn thing.
Don Quixote already has you for a squire. I’m sure 1010RD could find better use of this time and money. State legislative candidates that actually have a chance to win for example.
My feeling has always been 1992 WO Perot would have been close but Clinton probably would have edged it out, same thing in 1996. Bush would have gotten appreciably more Perot votes (dems claim it would have been 50/50 I don’t buy it) but Clinton would have gotten some (My late great aunt was a liberal democrat and she volunteered for Perot) and many others still wouldn’t have voted. In 1996 I think the great percentage would have gone to Dole but Clinton was close to majority victory that he’d have likely got it.
So Perot may not have cost Bush a win but he did make the possibly of Bush winning much less likely.
His dropping out when he was leading and then getting back in was highly suspect.
Dem Congress passed Obamacare, the next evil thing will be passed by a dem Congress. Just say no to dem Congress. Oh how I wish the throughly contemptibly losers Boner and McConnell were in charge in 2009.
I’ll give 1010rd a little pat on the back. We share a grim duty. Chemo (Kirk) > Cancer (The legless wonder)
Kirk needs to be euthanized.
There’s a jail cell with Kirk’s name on it, just like all the other Illinois politicians.
Good thing that RINO Governor is in place if there is a vacancy.
I’m sure he’d be happy to cough up a RINO turd just as odious, offensive and Combiner-connected. Tom Cross, perchance ?
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