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The Shroud was in a fire in the 14th century.

Not only does "carbon" from such a fire skew C-14 testing, the cloth was mended from where it was burned.

The church, in not wanting important parts of the Shroud taken, may have given material from the "patch" area that was done to the Shroud because of the fire.

www.shroud.org

and

www.shroud.com

have much more scientific and other information on this.

Additionally, there is a documentary VHS available on the Shroud (more religious than scientific, but containing many scientific aspects).

It is:

Mystery of the Sacred Shroud and it is narrated by Richard Burton (sigh!). ISBN 1-55739-283-8. This was done in 1992.

The calculations have to be "hypothetical" for the simple reason that the Carbon 14 samples of the shroud were tested to destruction. We CANNOT examine and weigh the differing portions.

If you had read the article, you would have been aware that the percentages used were based on observation of the proportional physical differences between cloth that is spun in one direction (an "S" direction) and cloth that is obviously spun in another( a "Z" direction) that is quite apparent on the photographs of the samples.

The hypothetical comes of necessity from estimating the amount of the differing material that was sent to each of the AMS laboratories. These figures were then supplied to the labs and the "hypothetical" question was asked as to how these proportions of 16th Century linen and 1st Century linen would skew the resultant data.

Note that this article was published in a peer reviewed periodical and presented to an international symposium of other scientists.