Ukrainians have never had enough soldiers to conduct Russian-style "Meat Wave" assaults, such as Russians conducted at Bakhmut and Avdiivka, producing over 1,000 Russian casualties per day -- nor can Ukrainians ever afford such losses for long.
This source puts Russia's available manpower at 69 million, versus Ukraine's 23 million -- a 3 to 1 Russian advantage.
Ukraine's military is estimated here at around 1 million active personnel, with another 2 million here said to be in reserves.
Of those, it's estimated 300,000 serve on the front lines.
Russia's active military is put at 1,350,000 with another 2,000,000 in reserves.
Estimates of military % of GDP put Ukraine at around 18% and Russia at 8%, which, given the relative size of Russia's economy, means Russia's military budget is nearly 3-times Ukraine's.
Ukraine's military numbers are said to include around 30,000 women volunteers and 20,000 foreign volunteers.
Ukraine's recent law reducing the draft age from 27 to 25 is expected to add 50,000 men to its military.
Other actions are intended to increase the pressure on military age refugees to return and serve.
Estimates of numbers of Russian troops in or near Ukraine have varied between 200,000 in 2022 to now 400,000 with total Russian casualties said to be circa 450,000.
Ukrainians generally admit to suffering 1/3 the casualties they estimate for Russians, with the ratio becoming 1/10 during Russian "Meat Wave" assaults.
In recent months there was much discussion about Ukraine drafting another 300,000 troops, but the most recent reports are saying the problem seems to be more of rotating front line troops to the rear while using fresh rear-based troops to fill in for them.
This may well have been the problem at Ocheretyne, about 10 miles northwest of Avdiivka, where an exhausted Ukrainian unit (43rd Mechanized) was supposed to be replaced by relatively fresh troops (115th Mechanized), but the handoff was botched, and Russians were alert enough to pour into the gap thus created.