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The Sumerian civilization didn’t collapse - the Sumerians merged with the Amorites to form the Akkadian-Sumerian and then just the Akkadian civilization which divided into Assyrian and Babylonian. Yet in both the “holy language” was Sumerian. The Sumerian gods were worshipped, the Sumerian script was followed, the Sumerian culture, technology was used.

After the Babylonians this was taken over by the Achaemenid - even though they were Persian, the capital and heart was in Mesopotamia. Culturally it remained mainly Sumerian-Akkadian but merged again with the Persian and Median.

The Persian civilization remained - it was a continuation of the Sumerian-Akkadian. This was through the Achaemenid period and the Greek-Seleucid period. Note that the Persians took Greek culture but merged it with their own, older culture.

Even more so - the Arabs conquered the Persians but were transformed by the Persians — the “Arab” higher culture was heavily Persian-Greek.

The collapse of the western Roman empire did not “set the modern world back to the Stone age” — that’s massive hyperbole.

In 500 AD the Western Europeans had not only Bronze but also Iron working, so definitely not “stone age”.

Western Europeans moved away from CENTRALIZED states - with massive bureaucracies directed from the centre.

The collapse of the western Roman empire did not “set the modern world back to the Stone age” — that’s massive hyperbole.

Mr. Cronos, like so many of your posts, you seem to live in an alternate universe.

Over 700 or so years from the founding of Rome, from Etruscan roots, their civilization advanced with many conveniences that were modern to them. Conveniences like roads (covered in hard surfaces), aqueducts to bring in water, sewers to take waste out, tiled roofs, and a highly developed mass production economy for simple items like tiled roofs and other conveniences.

All of that disappeared with the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Show me the aqueducts, tiled roofs, sewer systems, and other life conveniences in the barbarian hinterlands. The new hinterlands were all led by local war-lords -- that you call NON-CENTRALIZED. And their so-called citizens (tribe members) lives were barbaric as they slowly evolved into the Renaissance.

So much for the former structured bureaucratic, organized structure of what Rome had built over many years for its citizens.

If you read history, you might want to go back to the books -- if it will help you (which I doubt).