The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein includes gp120 and GAG from the HIV virus. The spike protein is a chimera built from multiple pathogens. Modes of damage include disabling of dsDNA repair from the s1 protein acting in the nucleus to disable BRAC1/BRAC2/p53. Unable to repair DNA damage, the cell becomes dysfunctional over time. The s1 subunit is also a prion capable of generating stable amyloid fibrils. The amyloid fibrils are similar to those found an Alzheimer's. The p53 disabling turns a cell "senescent". It de-differentiates and becomes functionally "illiterate". It just lives on consuming resources and doing nothing useful. There are more pathways of damage. Lots of papers documenting what has been identified. Walter Chesnut has done some very informative dot connecting over the past couple years. Check out his substack "wmcresearch".
Are you a biologist, cuz your response is full of specific biology terms.