Which is exactly why the South wanted out. With a tariff rate of 13%, much traffic would have avoided New York and headed for Charleston.
Those tariffs were paid in the city where imports landed and were warehoused, and the vast majority went to New York City.
This is absolutely correct. They controlled the trade both ways.
Sure, but the vast wealth earned by Southern slavocrats was not spent on luxury imports from abroad but rather on mundane products manufactured in the North.
Because protectionist policies of the US made it uneconomical to buy mundane products from Europe. That would have changed with independence.
So 99% of Southerners in 1860 never saw or directly paid a Federal tariff.
But 60% of their earnings were taken before they ever saw them. That's why most of them never "directly paid a Federal Tax." New York and Washington DC were working hand in glove to make certain they got their cut before the money ever reached the people who produced it.
Same corrupt dynamic going on with New York and DC today.
Rubbish, the truth is, when a Southern planter sold his cotton to "factors", he received full market value for his cotton, then & there.
"Factors" then transported the cotton to, eventually, a sea port like New Orleans where it was sold again at market prices there.
Most cotton then shipped directly to ports in Britain & France, where it was again sold, each time at then available market prices.
If the Southern planter decided to keep ownership of his crop, and himself transport it to a port and then Europe, he would indeed make much more in gross revenues.
But he would then himself have to pay all the transportation, shipping & warehousing costs, meaning there was likely a "break even point" of quantity below which it was no longer profitable for the Southern planter to himself pay for transportation & sales overseas.