So I am to understand that you claim that Southern plantation owners arranged to have their crops exported to England directly, including all shipping arrangements, without the need for third party brokers? That shippers filled their vessels with only one customer’s goods? That shippers could not find other goods from other customers say in England to return profitably? Or carry on to another port in Europe or elsewhere?
I am to take your word for all this?
So I am to understand that you claim that Southern plantation owners arranged to have their crops exported to England directly, including all shipping arrangements, without the need for third party brokers? That shippers filled their vessels with only one customer’s goods? That shippers could not find other goods from other customers say in England to return profitably? Or carry on to another port in Europe or elsewhere?
I am to take your word for all this?
Why would you assume they did not use 3rd party brokers (they were called “Factors” at the time)?
That shippers could not find other goods from other customers in England to return profitably....at the time the Factors would arrange shipping. (Northern bankers and insurance companies also serviced this trade and made a profit doing so and shipbuilders were indirectly employed as were shipping companies).
The only thing that could be used to help fill the holds of the ships to help defray the cost of transport was manufactured goods. They even tried taking transatlantic passengers for a time but manufactured goods were the most profitable. The owners of the cash crops on those ships would convert the money from sales to buy those manufactured goods. They then owned the manufactured goods. Those manufactured goods were then hit with the tariff upon arrival in the US.
Don’t take my word for it. There are numerous comments from Southerners and Northerners and the English at the time which all attest to this.