As you use the terms, what exactly is the difference between a theory that is proved conclusively and a dogma?
There is really no such thing as a theory that is "proved conclusively". Any theory, even those that are accepted as having been "proved conclusively" is subject to being tested and potentially re-written. You remember the news stories about the faster-than-light neutrinos? For a time (until they found the flaw in their test) it appeared that a "proven conclusively" theory might be wrong. And they were prepeared to re-write that theory if the results could be validated.
Dogma just "is". It must be accepted as being true as an article of faith. There is no point in testing it because it is not going to be changed, regardless of the outcome of any test or evidence to the contrary.