Posted on 04/12/2010 10:44:11 AM PDT by Ernest_at_the_Beach
From the National Science Foundation via press release:
Scientists explore origins of ’supervolcanoes’ on the sea floor
Ancient goliaths blamed for multiple mass extinctions
“Supervolcanoes” have been blamed for multiple mass extinctions in Earth’s history, but the cause of their massive eruptions is unknown.
Despite their global impact, the eruptions’ origin and triggering mechanisms have remained unexplained. New data obtained during a recent Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expedition in the Pacific Ocean may provide clues to unlocking this mystery.
To explore the origins of these seafloor giants, scientists drilled into a large, 145 million-year-old underwater volcanic mountain chain off the coast of Japan.
IODP Expedition 324: Shatsky Rise Formation took place onboard the scientific ocean drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution from September 4 to November 4, 2009. Preliminary results of the voyage are emerging.
“‘Supervolcanoes’ emitted large amounts of gases and particles into the atmosphere, and re-paved the ocean floor,” says Rodey Batiza, marine geosciences section head in the National Science Foundation (NSF)’s Division of Ocean Sciences, which co-funded the research.
The result?
“Loss of species, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and changes in ocean circulation,” says Batiza.
In fall 2009, an international team of scientists participating in IODP Expedition 324 drilled five sites in the ocean floor. They studied the origin of the 145 million-year-old Shatsky Rise volcanic mountain chain.
Located 1,500 kilometers (930 miles) east of Japan, Shatsky Rise measures roughly the size of California.
This underwater mountain chain is one of the largest supervolcanoes in the world: the top of Shatsky Rise lies three and a half kilometers (about two miles) below the sea’s surface, while its base plunges to nearly six kilometers (four miles) beneath the surface.
Shatsky Rise is composed of layers of hardened lava, with individual lava flows that are up to 23 meters (75 feet) thick.
“Seafloor supervolcanoes are characterized by the eruption of enormous volumes of lava,” says William Sager of Texas A&M University, who led the expedition with co-chief scientist Takashi Sano of Japan’s National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo. “Studying their formation is critical to understanding the processes of volcanism, and the movement of material from Earth’s interior to its surface.”
About a dozen supervolcanoes exist on Earth; some are on land, while others lie at the bottom of the ocean. Those found on the seafloor are often referred to as large oceanic plateaus.
Current scientific thinking suggests that these supervolcanoes were caused by eruptions over a period of a few million years or less–a rapid pace in geologic time.
Each of these supervolcanoes produced several million cubic kilometers of lava–about three hundred times the volume of all the Great Lakes combined–dwarfing the volume of lava produced by the largest present-day volcanoes in places like Hawaii.
Since the 1960s, geologists have debated the formation and origin of these large oceanic plateaus. The mystery lies in the origin of the magma, molten rock that forms within the Earth.
A magma source rising from deep within the Earth has a different chemical composition than magma that forms just below Earth’s crust. Some large oceanic plateaus show signs of a deep-mantle origin. Others exhibit chemical signatures indicative of magma from a much shallower depth.
The IODP Shatsky Rise expedition focused on deciphering the relationship between supervolcano formation and the boundaries of tectonic plates, crucial to understanding what triggers supervolcano formation.
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One interesting factoid regarding oil is that it can be found in the vacinity of super boloid strikes, like the Caribbean oil resulting from the Yucatan strike that killed the dinosaurs.
is this located in the Japanese version of the Burmuda triangle, where they report a lot of lost ships?
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