[Southack]

"In the actual experiment I cited, every point mutated."

Yes, 1953 points.

But every point didn't mutate in every possible combination (i.e. "all possible permutations") as you claimed...because that would require 4 to the 1953rd power for the number of mutations...a mathematical result vastly greater than the mere 20 million total mutations observed in the experiment that you cited.

Now, are you still going to avoid answering if mutations are random or biased?

[tortoise]

Now, are you still going to avoid answering if mutations are random or biased?

Define "mutation". If it is merely a change in the DNA then most mutation is biased. The probability phase space is very, very lumpy.

[Virginia-American]

There are n = 3*1953 = about 6000 single-point mutations. There are about n^2 two-point mutations. 6000^2 = 36,000,000 is close enuff to 20,000,000. So it looks like every mutation that differed at one or two locations occurrred.