Free Republic
Browse · Search
Bloggers & Personal
Topics · Post Article


Gods, Graves, Glyphs
Weekly Digest #241
Saturday, February 28, 2009

Greece

Introduction to Ancient Greek History
  02/23/2009 11:12:46 AM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 45 replies · 495+ views
Academic Earth | December 15, 2008 | Donald Kagan
A friend online pointed out this website of free courses. May want to watch for dropping leftist hints in some of the lectures, haven't explored much.
 

Etruscans

'Etruscan Treasures' On View At Dallas's Meadows Museum
  02/25/2009 6:17:39 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 21 replies · 209+ views
Antiques and the Arts | February 24th, 2009 | unattributed
Dallas, Texas: The Meadows Museum at Southern Methodist University [5900 Bishop Boulevard, 214-768-2516] presents "From the Temple and the Tomb: Etruscan Treasures from Tuscany," a comprehensive exhibition of Etruscan art, on view through May 17. More than 400 objects spanning the Ninth through Second Centuries BC are featured, drawn primarily from the renowned Florence Archaeological Museum, as well as from several smaller Italian museums and private collections. Many of the objects have never before traveled here. A complementary exhibition, "New Light on the Etruscans: Fifteen Years of Excavation at Poggio Colla," presents for the first time in North America the...
 

Epigraphy and Language

Experts trying to decipher ancient language
  02/28/2009 12:35:50 PM PST · Posted by ApplegateRanch · 32 replies · 896+ views
Ap via Excite.com | Feb 28, 2009 | By BARRY HATTON
When archaeologists on a dig in southern Portugal last year flipped over a heavy chunk of slate and saw writing not used for more than 2,500 years, they were elated. The enigmatic pattern of inscribed symbols curled symmetrically around the upper part of the rough-edged, yellowish stone tablet and coiled into the middle in a decorative style typical of an extinct Iberian language called Southwest Script. "We didn't break into applause, but almost," says Amilcar Guerra, a University of Lisbon lecturer overseeing the excavation. "It's an extraordinary thing."
 

Stone Age phrasebook developed by scientists studying oldest words
  02/26/2009 8:52:45 AM PST · Posted by BGHater · 39 replies · 558+ views
Telegraph | 25 Feb 2009 | Alastair Jamieson
Some of the oldest words in use in have been identified by scientists studying the evolution of language. English and Indo-European words including 'I', 'we', 'two' and 'thou' have changed so little in tends of thousands of years that ancient hunter-gatherers would have been able to understand them. Researchers have also identified several words that could die out within 1,000 years because they are likely to evolve into different forms. They include "throw", "stick", "dirty", "guts" and "squeeze" which could all be out of use by the year 3000. Mark Pagel, of the University of Reading, who is leading the...
 

'Oldest English Words' Identified
  02/26/2009 4:51:56 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 46 replies · 605+ views
BBC | Thursday, 26 February 2009
Some of the oldest words in English have been identified, scientists say.Reading University researchers claim "I", "we", "two" and "three" are among the most ancient, dating back tens of thousands of years. Their computer model analyses the rate of change of words in English and the languages that share a common heritage. The team says it can predict which words are likely to become extinct - citing "squeeze", "guts", "stick" and "bad" as probable first casualties. "We use a computer to fit a range of models that tell us how rapidly these words evolve," said Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist...
 

Cornish language Extinct, Says UN (Maybe Not, UN)
  02/26/2009 5:08:38 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 16 replies · 287+ views
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/7900972.stm
The Cornish language has been branded "extinct" by linguistic experts, sparking protests from speakers. Thirty linguists worked on Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, compiled by United Nations group Unesco. They also said Manx Gaelic was extinct. Cornish is believed to have died out as a first language in 1777. But the Cornish Language Partnership says the number of speakers has risen in the past 20 years and there should be a section for revitalised languages. The Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, published by Unesco, the cultural section of the United Nations, features about 2,500 dialects. There...
 

Britain

Treasure hunter finds 700-year-old ring in Flintshire field[UK]
  02/26/2009 6:59:32 AM PST · Posted by BGHater · 15 replies · 556+ views
Evening Leader | 26 Feb 2009 | Evening Leader
A TREASURE hunter has unearthed a 14th-century silver ring at the back of a farmer's field in Flintshire. Douglas Fletcher, 44, of Flint, found the decorative, gilt, 97 per cent silver ring in the field in his home town, in January last year. At an inquest in Flint yesterday, the find was declared treasure by John Gittins, deputy coroner for north east Wales. Mr Fletcher, who has been treasure hunting for three years with wife Linda, came across the ring on one of his regular solo hunts. The Mold Historical Search Society member had to dig just six inches into...
 

Egypt

Blast in crowded Cairo tourist area wounds 14
  02/22/2009 10:15:16 AM PST · Posted by jersey117 · 31 replies · 1,197+ views
AP | 2/22/09 | OMAR SINAN
CAIRO (AP) -- A bomb exploded Sunday in a crowded Cairo market frequented by tourists, wounding at least 14 people, including foreigners, said police and medical sources.
 

India

2000-Yr-Old Shiva Shrine Found
  02/22/2009 2:47:22 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 7 replies · 351+ views
The Times Of India | 23 Feb 2009
Believed to be among the oldest brick shrines in India, Lucknow University's department of ancient Indian history and archaeology has unearthed a 2,000-year-old Shiva temple as part of its excavation project recently in Uttar Pradesh's Unnao district. ""It's actually a complex comprising five temples,'' Prof D P Tewari of the Lucknow University said. ""While four temples belong to the Kushana period (1st-3rd century AD or 2,000 years ago), it appears that the primary temple was constructed during the Sunga period (2nd century BC to 1st century AD or 2,200 years ago).'' The temple site is a mound in Sanchankot in...
 

Let's Have Jerusalem

Biblical Era Royal Seals Found in Jerusalem Hills
  02/23/2009 3:07:41 PM PST · Posted by Nachum · 17 replies · 607+ views
Arutz Sheva | 2/23/09 | Maayana Miskin
(IsraelNN.com) The Israel Antiquities Authority has announced the discovery of royal seal impressions from the times of the First and Second Temples. The finds were made at a site in the southern Jerusalem hills. The seal impressions are believed to date back to the time of King Hezekiah, who ruled over Judea in the late eighth century BCE. Four "LMLK"-type seals were found, as were seals from high-ranking administrators Ahimelech ben Amadyahu and Yehokhil ben Shahar. One seal impression combined the LMLK-type seal and the seal of Yehokhil, an occurrence that archaeologists confirmed is highly unusual. A later inscription, estimated...
 

A model of biblical proportions: man spends 30 years creating model of Herod's Temple (Photos)
  02/27/2009 3:46:48 PM PST · Posted by mojito · 35 replies · 1,467+ views
Telegraph (UK) | 2/26/2009 | Photo Essay
Now, here's a model of biblical proportions. A retired farmer has spent more than 30 years building an enormous scale model of Herod's temple - and it is still not finished [Photos at link]
 

Catastrophism and Astronomy

CU professor finds evidence of extinct camels in Boulder
  02/25/2009 3:28:15 PM PST · Posted by george76 · 13 replies · 250+ views
Daily Camera | February 25, 2009 | Laura Snider
Cache of tools found in Boulder yard used to butcher ice-age camels, horses. The "chink" of the impact sounded odd, so the crew poked around, and just 18 inches beneath the soil surface they made an extraordinary find: 83 stone tools left in a cache 13,000 years ago by people who used the sharpened rocks to butcher ice-age camels. "Sometimes they're interesting things, and sometimes they're just cool rocks," said Bamforth, who studies the culture and tools of Paleoindians, who lived in the Boulder area at the end of the last ice age. But a good anthropologist leaves no rock...
 

13,000-year-old tools unearthed at Colorado home
  02/26/2009 5:30:42 PM PST · Posted by JoeProBono · 35 replies · 1,033+ views
news.yahoo | Thu Feb 26 | ALYSIA PATTERSON
Landscapers were digging a hole for a fish pond in the front yard of a Boulder home last May when they heard a "chink" that didn't sound right. Just some lost tools. Some 13,000-year-old lost tools. They had stumbled onto a cache of more than 83 ancient tools buried by the Clovis people -- ice age hunter-gatherers who remain a puzzle to anthropologists. The home's owner, Patrick Mahaffy, thought they were only a century or two old before contacting researchers at the University of Colorado-Boulder. "My jaw just dropped," said CU anthropologist Douglas Bamforth, who is leading a study of...
 

Climate

Finding the lost city: Does the Amazon jungle conceal a vanished empire?
  02/23/2009 3:22:34 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 47 replies · 790+ views
Boston Globe | Sunday, February 22, 2009 | David Grann
Many modern scientists have assumed that no complex civilization could have emerged in so hostile an environment, where the soil is agriculturally poor, mosquitoes transport lethal diseases, and predators lurk amid the forest canopy. The Amazon's brutal conditions have fueled one of the most enduring theories of human development: environmental determinism... Yet in recent years archeologists have begun to find evidence of what Fawcett had always claimed: ancient ruins buried deep in the Amazon, in places ranging from the Bolivian flood plains to the Brazilian forests. These ruins include enormous man-made earth mounds, plazas, geometrically aligned causeways, bridges, elaborately engineered...
 

PreColumbian, Clovis, and PreClovis

Sinkhole Holds 12,000-Year-Old Clues to Early Americans
  02/19/2009 3:15:45 PM PST · Posted by JoeProBono · 21 replies · 582+ views
nationalgeographic | February 18, 2009 | Willie Drye
Divers exploring a southern Florida sinkhole have uncovered clues to what life was like for some of America's first residents.Led by University of Miami professor John Gifford, underwater archaeologists are exploring Little Salt Spring, 12 miles (19 kilometers) south of Sarasota.Earlier this year, students working about 30 feet (9 meters) below the surface found the remains of a gourd that probably was used as a canteen by an ancient hunter about 8,000 or 9,000 years ago, according to Gifford.Archaeologists have been recovering primitive relics from the spring since 1977, when divers found the remains of a large, now extinct tortoise...
 

Underwater Archaeology

Ancient Shipwreck's Stone Cargo Linked to Apollo Temple
  02/25/2009 5:06:54 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 6 replies · 281+ views
National Geographic | February 23, 2009 | Helen Fields
For a few days back in July 2007, it was hard for archaeologist Deborah Carlson to get any work done at her site off the Aegean coast of western Turkey. She was leading an underwater excavation of a 2,000-year-old shipwreck, but the Turkish members of her crew had taken time off to vote in national elections. So things were quiet at her camp on an isolated cape called Kizilburun. The shipwrecks' main cargo was 50 tons of marble -- elements of a huge column sent on an ill-fated journey to a temple, Carlson thought. But she didn't know which temple, so she...
 

Anatolia

Do These Mysterious Stones Mark The Site Of The Garden Of Eden?
  02/27/2009 9:47:03 PM PST · Posted by Steelfish · 83 replies · 2,525+ views
Daily Mail (U.K.) | February 27, 2009
Do these mysterious stones mark the site of the Garden of Eden? By TOM COX For the old Kurdish shepherd, it was just another burning hot day in the rolling plains of eastern Turkey. Following his flock over the arid hillsides, he passed the single mulberry tree, which the locals regarded as 'sacred'. The bells on his sheep tinkled in the stillness. Then he spotted something. Crouching down, he brushed away the dust, and exposed a strange, large, oblong stone. The man looked left and right: there were similar stone rectangles, peeping from the sands. Calling his dog to heel,...
 

Flood, Here Comes the Flood

Stunning New Evidence of a Higher Ancient Sea Level
  02/25/2009 8:17:44 AM PST · Posted by GodGunsGuts · 126 replies · 1,971+ views
ICR | February 25, 2009 | Brian Thomas, M.S.
Stunning New Evidence of a Higher Ancient Sea Level by Brian Thomas, M.S.* According to the record in Genesis, there was a time when the entire surface of the earth was inundated with water. This possibility has been ridiculed because of questions regarding the origin and destination of all the extra water that supposedly would have been required to accomplish this.1 But newly described fossils of marine creatures found in a rock quarry in Bermuda indicate that ancient sea levels used to be 70 feet higher than they are today, which presents a puzzle to standard geological thinking.2 Geologist Paul...
 

Biology and Cryptobiology

Has the Loch Ness Monster emigrated to Borneo?
  02/22/2009 8:06:19 PM PST · Posted by Beowulf9 · 34 replies · 839+ views
Telegraph.co.uk | February 19, 2009
A member of a disaster team monitoring flood regions on the South East Asian island is said to have captured the image while hovering over the Baleh river in a helicopter. The shot, which shows a green, wavy object floating along the meandering river, has sparked rumours that a mythical snake called Nabau has returned to the area. Sceptics have joined the debate claiming that it is nothing more than the work of photo-editing software. Rather like the myths surrounding Scotland's Loch Ness Monster, legend has it that a terrifying 100ft snake called Nabau, with a dragon's head and seven...
 

Paleontology

Study of fossils shows prehistoric fish had sex
  02/25/2009 1:55:22 PM PST · Posted by NormsRevenge · 20 replies · 286+ views
AP on Yahoo | 2/25/09 | Michael Casey - ap
BANGKOK, Thailand -- The fossilized remains of two pregnant fish indicate that sex as we know it -- fertilization of eggs inside a female -- took place as much as 30 million years earlier than previously thought, researchers said Thursday. Scientists from Australia and Britain studying 380 million-year-old fossils of the armored placoderm fish, or Incisoscutum richiei, said they were initially confused when they realized that the two fish were carrying embryos. They originally thought the fish laid their eggs before fertilization. "Once we found embryos in this group, we knew they had internal fertilization. But how the hell are...
 

Scientists Find First Animal That Had Sex
  02/25/2009 2:37:11 PM PST · Posted by RDTF · 32 replies · 527+ views
Fox | Feb 25, 2009
Remains of embryos entombed in their fish mothers' wombs for 380 million years have been found in fossils from an ancient rock outcrop in Western Australia. The finding is a big deal because it suggests that sex goes way back. The prehistoric fish, called placoderms, are found at the base of the vertebrate evolutionary tree (in a large group we humans also belong to), so it now looks like sexual intercourse, and the mating behaviors that go along with it, were more widespread in these ancient animals than previously thought, said the scientists who made the discovery. -snip-
 

Prehistoric Fish Pioneered Sex
  02/25/2009 10:06:34 PM PST · Posted by gondramB · 16 replies · 258+ views
Reuters via Zimbio | Prehistoric Fish Pioneered Sex
LONDON, Feb 25 (Reuters) - Sex has been a fact of life for at least 380 million years, longer than previously thought. Sex has been a fact of life for at least 380 million years.Internal fertilisation was widespread among prehistoric fish living on ancient tropical coral reefs in the Devonian period, research published in the journal Nature on Wednesday showed. The discovery sheds new light on the reproductive history of all jawed vertebrates, including humans. "It shifts how we think about how reproduction evolved. You're a jawed vertebrate and I'm a jawed vertebrate, so this is our own history," said...
 

Arch-e-ology

Prints Are Evidence of Modern Foot in Prehumans
  02/26/2009 12:08:19 PM PST · Posted by JoeProBono · 37 replies · 466+ views
nytimes | February 26, 2009 | JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
Footprints uncovered in Kenya show that as early as 1.5 million years ago an ancestral species, almost certainly Homo erectus, had already evolved the feet and walking gait of modern humans.
 

Neandertal / Neanderthal

Shopping is 'throwback to days of cavewomen'
  02/25/2009 7:21:14 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 33 replies · 410+ views
Telegraph UK | Wednesday, February 25, 2009 | Ben Leach
A woman's love of shopping is a throwback to her days in the caves, according to a new study. Shoppers are using instincts they learnt from their Neanderthal ancestors, researchers have found. Dr David Holmes, of Manchester Metropolitan University, said skills that were learnt as cavemen and women were now being used in shops. He said: "Gatherers sifted the useful from things that offered them no sustenance, warmth or comfort with a skill that would eventually lead to comfortable shopping malls and credit cards. "In our evolutionary past, we gathered in caves with fires at the entrance. "We repeat this...
 

Oo-peg, Shoepeg

Finding genes that make teeth grow all in a row
  02/26/2009 5:29:07 PM PST · Posted by MissCalico · 3 replies · 177+ views
AP Associated Press | 02/26/09 | LAURAN NEERGAARD, AP Medical Write
WASHINGTON -- Ever wonder why sharks get several rows of teeth and people only get one? Some geneticists did, and their discovery could spur work to help adults one day grow new teeth when their own wear out. A single gene appears to be in charge, preventing additional tooth formation in species destined for a limited set. When the scientists bred mice...
 

Longer Perspectives

the 9th Amendment
  02/24/2009 4:55:40 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 21 replies · 351+ views
Constitution of the United States, via Populist America et al | The Framers
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
 

Pages

Free Republic Homeschool Forum 2008-2009
  07/24/2008 10:19:49 AM PDT · Posted by Tired of Taxes · 73 replies · 556+ views
July 24, 2008 | Tired of Taxes

Free Republic Homeschool Forum 2008-2009A spot for homeschoolers on Free Republic to share information Once again, we are reviving our Free Republic Homeschool Forum where homeschoolers can share tips and talk about curriculum for the upcoming year. Below is a list of educational books, curricula, and other resources recommended by homeschoolers on Free Republic. This list was compiled, updated, and reformatted using the suggestions many of you gave on our last thread. (If any corrections are needed, please advise.) Feel free to add more of your favorite books and products to the comments below. Which curriculum has worked well for...
 

China

Chariot and horse burial chamber excavated in Henan [Eastern Zhou period]
  02/23/2009 7:59:17 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 7 replies · 207+ views
China Central Television | February 19, 2009 | CRI, ed by Liu Fang
The excavation site contains 29 tombs, including two imperial wooden chariots and two dead horses. Field work for this excavation began in August 2008 and took archaeologists three months to finish. Many artifacts such as pottery, bronze weapons and jade were found despite the fact that most of the tombs had already been plundered by grave robbers. The horses, laying back to back in an orderly arrangement, were evidently killed before the burial. The two wooden chariots had rotted away, leaving only dusts. According to local archaeologists, this is also the first time a burial chamber with two horses and...
 

Han tomb with murals found[China]
  02/25/2009 6:45:23 AM PST · Posted by BGHater · 8 replies · 329+ views
CCTV | 21 Feb 2009 | CCTV
A ramp leads to the tomb chambers. Murals decorate both the vault and the brick walls. Cheng Linquan, director, Institute of archeology, said, The upper part is painted with celestial signs and the lower part is painted with life scenes. We see here is a woman carrying a baby, while leading another child. The lines are simple and earthy, reflecting the art style of that era. Xi'an was the Han dynasty capital around two thousand years ago. Of the four Han tombs found in Xi'an so far, this one is exceptional for its richly illustrated murals. A striking characteristic is...
 

Asia

The Ancient Secret of Tanjung Tokong
  02/19/2009 2:52:35 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 6 replies · 305+ views
The Sun Daily | Tue, 17 Feb 2009 | Himanshu Bhatt
UNKNOWN to many, there is an ancient cemetery nestled on a small green hill in Tanjung Tokong, the fast developing area on Penang's northern cape, that beguiles historians. With its rows of mouldy headstones, the lush plot of land heaves with a strange sanctified air, even as it remains hidden from the sights of people who live or travel along the area everyday. It is said that the unique cemetery has kept the remains of some of the earliest inhabitants of the island, predating even the British colonialists. What makes it even more remarkable is that the descendants of these...
 

Archaeoastronomy and Megaliths

Hi-tech research shows Neolithic axes have travelled from the Alps
  02/23/2009 7:55:54 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 13 replies · 222+ views
Daily Echo | Friday February 20th 2009 | Andrew Napier
It's a mystery that could shed light on life in Hampshire 6,000 years ago. Four Stone Age axes, dating from a time when people had stopped hunting woolly mammoths and sabretoothed tigers and turned to farming, are giving clues to the origins of settled human life in the county. They were found at Hill Head and Titchfield, near Fareham, and at Beaulieu, in the New Forest, and Bartonon- Sea. The tools, which are now in Winchester City Council's collection, have been analysed and found to originate in the north Italian Alps from around 4,000BC... The analysis, undertaken at the British...
 

Rome and Italy

ISIS Examines Origins Of Pompeii-Style Artifacts
  02/25/2009 6:22:49 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 4 replies · 123+ views
RedOrbit | Wednesday, February 25, 2009 | unattributed
Researchers hope to learn more about our heritage by discovering whether the items were imported from southern Italy, or manufactured using similar techniques in Britain. The bronze artifacts, which include a wine-mixing vessel, jugs and ceremonial pan-shaped objects, were discovered in Kent in two high status Roman pit-burials that are among the best examples ever seen in Britain... Archaeological scientists will compare the 1st Century AD artifacts from Kent with those from Pompeii in Italy. The neutron beams at the world-leading ISIS facility allow for detailed crystal structure analysis of intact delicate objects without cutting out a sample of the...
 

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Video: 'Superguns' of Elizabeth I's navy
  02/20/2009 9:31:37 AM PST · Posted by JoeProBono · 16 replies · 593+ views
news.bbc | 20 February 2009
The English navy at around the time of the Armada was evolving revolutionary new tactics, according to new research.Tests on cannon recovered from an Elizabethan warship suggest it carried powerful cast iron guns, of uniform size, firing standard ammunition."This marked the beginning of a kind of mechanisation of war," says naval historian Professor Eric Grove of Salford University. "The ship is now a gun platform in a way that it wasn't before."
 

Heptarchy

Celebrating history of Northumbria
  02/25/2009 7:17:40 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 11 replies · 176+ views
The Journal (Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, Northumberland, County Durham) | Wednesday, February 25, 2009 | Neil Mckay
A new exhibition revealing the history of the palace of the ancient kings of Northumbria has opened in Durham. The exhibition, entitled Yeavering: rediscovering the landscape of the Northumbrian Kings, is now open at the Old Fulling Mill Museum of Archaeology on the Banks in Durham City. Known only from the 7th Century writings of the Venerable Bede, Ad Gefrin, the palace of the Anglo-Saxon kings in Northumbria, was little more than a legend until archaeologist Brian Hope-Taylor began work at the site of Yeavering in North Northumberland in the 1950s. It was in 1949 that aerial photography revealed the...
 

Early America

Scholars seek to spread word on Sir Walter Raleigh [History of the World vol I]
  02/24/2009 8:25:50 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 12 replies · 227+ views
Virginian-Pilot | February 1, 2009 | Catherine Kozak
Robert Anthony, curator of the North Carolina collection at the Wilson Special Collections Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill... was one of the 24 scholars who holed up last month in the Tower of London, the dank quarters where Raleigh spent most of the last 15 years of his life working on Volume I of the "History of the World." When the academics emerged from the Tower after two days, it was agreed that a critical analysis of the writings and works of the man largely responsible for persuading the queen to launch the 1584-87 Roanoke...
 

The Framers

Court: Va. man owns 1776 copy of Declaration
  02/27/2009 7:43:05 PM PST · Posted by dware · 25 replies · 593+ views
AP | 02/28/2009 | MICHAEL FELBERBAUM
RICHMOND, Va. -- A rare 1776 copy of the Declaration of Independence belongs to a Virginia technology entrepreneur, not the state of Maine, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled Friday. Richard Adams Jr. of Fairfax County purchased the document from a London book dealer in 2001 for $475,000. But the state of Maine claimed it belongs to the town of Wiscasset, where it was kept by the town clerk in 1776. Virginia's high court said that a lower court did not err in its ruling in Adams' favor because Maine didn't prove the document was ever an official town record and...
 

The Civil War

Student Finds Rare Lincoln Fingerprint
  02/23/2009 11:31:52 AM PST · Posted by BGHater · 16 replies · 432+ views
ScienceDaily | 22 Feb 2009 | ScienceDaily
A student at Miami University has discovered what experts say is a fingerprint belonging to Abraham Lincoln from nearly 150 years ago. Lydia Smith, a first-year psychology major from Granville, Ohio, was transcribing a letter written by Lincoln on Oct. 5, 1863, for a class project when she noticed a smudge that she suspected could be the 16th president's thumbprint. Lincoln historians have confirmed the print. A student at Miami University has discovered what experts say is a fingerprint belonging to Abraham Lincoln from nearly 150 years ago. The Papers of Abraham Lincoln, a project of the Illinois Historic Preservation...
 

Slave in Jefferson Davis' home gave Union key secrets
  02/20/2009 1:45:46 PM PST · Posted by Non-Sequitur · 66 replies · 1,023+ views
CNN Online | 2/20/09 | Barbara Starr and Bill Mears
William Jackson was a slave in the home of Confederate president Jefferson Davis during the Civil War. It turns out he was also a spy for the Union Army, providing key secrets to the North about the Confederacy. William Jackson, a slave, listened closely to Jefferson Davis' conversations and leaked them to the North. Jackson was Davis' house servant and personal coachman. He learned high-level details about Confederate battle plans and movements because Davis saw him as a "piece of furniture" -- not a human, according to Ken Dagler, author of "Black Dispatches," which explores espionage by America's slaves.
 

Archaeologist finds map of Knox from Civil War
  02/26/2009 11:32:16 AM PST · Posted by SmithL · 17 replies · 533+ views
Knoxville News Sentinel | 2/26/9 | Fred Brown
Put a fedora hat and worn leather jacket on Joan Markel, place her in the dusty rows of Frank H. McClung Museum's skulls, bones, books and spooky artifacts, and you have the makings of a George Lucas-like blockbuster movie sequel. Call the first one "Tennessee Markel and the Treasure of the Lost Map." Well, maybe that's a little over the top. But you get the notion. Markel is a librarian and an archaeologist with a furious heart for finding the Civil War history of Knoxville. She has uncovered a doozie. Capt. Orlando Poe, architect of Union fortifications in Knoxville during...
 

Columnist Calls for removal of NC's Confederate Monument
  02/23/2009 10:18:10 AM PST · Posted by Rebeleye · 49 replies · 714+ views
Raleigh (NC) News and Observer | 8 February 2008 | J. Peder Zane
Yet it remains Raleigh's most prominent piece of public art, a signature symbol with an ugly past representing values and ambitions that no longer reflect who we are.
 

War to End All Wars

Discovered: Revolver which belonged to British hero killed on the first day of the Somme
  02/19/2009 6:45:05 AM PST · Posted by PotatoHeadMick · 24 replies · 702+ views
Daily Mail (UK) | 19th February 2009 | Daily Mail Reporter
A rare World War One revolver used by an army hero who died at the Somme has been found dumped in a bundle of second-hand clothes which were donated to a charity shop. Staff at the store were shocked to discover the rare and engraved pistol mixed up in a pile of clothes that had been donated to them anonymously. After finding the 1912 Webley Revolver, staff at the shop in Earl Sholton, near Leicester called Leicestershire police to collect the weapon so it could be dismantled.
 

Discovery for the Ages in New Bedford
  02/23/2009 1:13:13 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 21 replies · 667+ views
Standard Times | February 23, 2009 | DON CUDDY
Jarrad Freitas was installing an alarm in the home on Durfee Court in New Bedford where he and his family have lived for four years when he felt something under the insulation in the attic. "I rummaged around and found this," he said, displaying a photograph that dates from 1917. It shows a group of noncommissioned officers from the 4th Company, 55th Coast Artillery who were stationed at Fort Rodman before their departure for France with the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. A further search turned up more sepia toned photographs, in addition to old military magazines, bundles...
 

Video: Danton wreck found in deep water
  02/19/2009 3:51:59 PM PST · Posted by JoeProBono · 17 replies · 674+ views
news.bbc.co. | Thursday, 19 February 2009 | Jonathan Amos
A French battleship sunk in 1917 by a German submarine has been discovered in remarkable condition on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea. The Danton, with many of its gun turrets still intact, is sitting upright in over 1,000m of water. It was found by the Fugro geosciences company during a survey for a gas pipeline between Algeria and Italy. The Danton, which sank with 296 sailors still onboard, lies 35km southwest of the island of Sardinia. Naval historians record that the Danton's Captain Delage stood on the bridge with his officers and made no attempt to leave the ship...
 

World War Eleven

Enigma: the Riddle of German Dependence on One Machine
  02/19/2009 1:18:20 PM PST · Posted by Cargon · 78 replies · 743+ views
Poster | 2-19-09 | Cargon

Question: Why oh why did the Germans and Nazis place such complete reliance on this one machine(ENIGMA) and its' variants ? The obvious answer is the 3 branches of the German military(Army, Navy, Luftwaffe) wanted to be able to communicate with each other to make collaborative efforts. That created a 'backdoor' for code-breakers. Break one code of one brach and it opens up the communiques of others. I have a novel explanation: the German Industrial Virtues of their technology: Durability, Precision, and Mass Production. The Enigma was all of these, it was rugged(good for the enviroment of the U-boat) it...
 

Britain at War: Keeper of Secrets at Bletchley Park
  02/19/2009 1:30:05 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 8 replies · 356+ views
The Telegraph | Stan Ingram
In 1943 I was stationed at RAF Brize Norton, working as an electrician on Hen gist gliders among other aircraft. One morning I received a message at a dispersal point to report immediately to the Station Warrant Officer. Within hours I had cleared the Station and was on the train to participate in one of the best kept secrets of WWII. In 1943 a number of RAF electricians were interviewed for an unspecific task at an unspecific place and I was among those selected. Within a few weeks I joined a group of fellow electricians at RAF Church Green, where...
 

A lucky drive through WW2 France
  02/22/2009 5:57:49 PM PST · Posted by T-Bird45 · 7 replies · 563+ views
The Deseret News | 2/22/09 | Lynn Arave
Perhaps some World War II comedies like "McHale's Navy" and "Hogan's Heroes" aren't so farfetched after all. A war story from more than 64 years ago told by a Utah veteran is steeped in almost comical ignorance and just plain luck, and serves as a previously unwritten footnote to the official end-of-the-war history. Art Lifferth, 86, of Bountiful, who served in the 98th Squadron of the 440th Troop Carrier Group in Europe during World War II, recently pulled out his journal to share his experiences during the last months of the war. His story and others like it are outside...
 

Secret footage unearthed of American troops practising D-Day landings at Devon
  02/23/2009 7:16:50 AM PST · Posted by BGHater · 9 replies · 549+ views
Daily Mail | 23 Feb 2009 | Daily Mail
It was the practise run which would lead to the liberation of Europe from the tyranny of Hitler's Nazi empire. And it took place in Devon. Secret footage of U.S. soldiers training alongside British troops for D-Day in South-West England have been unearthed from a dusty archive and seen for the first time in 65 years. The 38 reels - lasting ten minutes each - show a variety of images including tanks rolling across beaches and soldiers wading through waves. In another sequence, troops are lined up in make-shift landing barges. Wartime leaders Winston Churchill and Dwight Eisenhower are also...
 

Thoroughly Modern Miscellany

Alamo defenders call for help
  02/24/2009 6:59:23 AM PST · Posted by Former MSM Viewer · 45 replies · 489+ views
www.history.com | 2-24-09 | Unknown
February 24, 1836 On this day in 1836, in San Antonio, Texas, Colonel William Travis issues a call for help on behalf of the Texan troops defending the Alamo, an old Spanish mission and fortress under attack by the Mexican army.
 

Not So Ancient Autopsies

Herhold: The Story of a 99-Year-Old Unsolved Murder
  02/23/2009 12:52:29 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 7 replies · 592+ views
San Jose Mercury News | 02/22/2009 | Scott Herhold
Ninety-nine years ago this August, a prosperous blacksmith and wheelwright named Alonzo Withers left his home in San Jose for the mountainous country beyond Mount Hamilton carrying a revolver and $215 in gold coins -- nearly $5,000 in today's money. The 48-year-old Withers, a strikingly handsome man, wanted to resolve a grazing dispute with a rural partner over a herd of cows and goats he was raising in the remote Blackbird Valley, 24 miles east of Mount Hamilton. The trip was his last. The coroner returned with Withers' body a few days later. The blacksmith had been killed in a...
 

Sudden Stop at the End

Norway Searches for Lost Hero (South Pole Conqueror Roald Amundsen)
  02/27/2009 3:58:07 PM PST · Posted by nickcarraway · 3 replies · 189+ views
Scotsman | 27 February 2009 | Margaret Neighbour
NORWAY plans to resume the search for South Pole conqueror Roald Amundsen's plane 81 years after it vanished during an Arctic rescue mission, the Royal Norwegian Navy has announced. Amundsen was on board a French Latham 47 flying boat that disappeared in the Barents Sea on 18 June, 1928. The plane was searching for the airship Italia, which crashed while returning from a North Pole expedition led by Umberto Nobile, an Italian aeronautical engineer. "We want to find the plane and help solve the mystery," said Commander Frode Loeseth of the Norwegian navy. In 1926, Amundsen and a crew that...
 

Snap, Snap, Say No More

Photos Found Of Unknown Family
  02/22/2009 6:09:44 PM PST · Posted by Dallas59 · 112 replies · 3,665+ views
Flickr | 02/22/2009 | *Kid*Doc*One*
I found the negatives for these pictures in a box of darkroom items at a garage sale 15 years ago. I have been haunted by them ever since. I have scoured these pictures looking for clues as to the identity of this family. Now I will ask my Flickr friends to help Seems nobody really knows.
 

end of digest #241 20090228



872 posted on 02/28/2009 8:45:28 PM PST by SunkenCiv (https://secure.freerepublic.com/donate/____________________ Profile updated Monday, January 12, 2009)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 870 | View Replies ]


To: 75thOVI; Adder; albertp; Androcles; asgardshill; At the Window; bitt; blu; BradyLS; cajungirl; ...

Gods Graves Glyphs Digest #241 20090228
· Saturday, February 28, 2009 · 51 topics · 2195852 to 2191566 · 709 members ·

 
Saturday
Feb 28
2009
v 5
n 33

view
this
issue
Welcome to the 241st issue.

To everyone who contributed topics or pinged me to one -- Thanks!

I'm flabbergasted that there are *fifty-one* topics this week. More than normal are modern topics, and I've begun to reconsider the long-ago suggestion from whomever it was to start a modern history list. Yeah, that'll happen. I do plan to zig instead of zag regarding GGGing them in future.
Be sure to check Homer_J_Simpson's topics, many of which are based on archival newspaper articles, usually 70 years ago that day.

Visit the Free Republic Memorial Wall -- a history-related feature of FR.

Donate to FreeRepublic.
 

· join list or digest · view topics · view or post blog · bookmark · post a topic ·


873 posted on 02/28/2009 8:46:29 PM PST by SunkenCiv (https://secure.freerepublic.com/donate/____________________ Profile updated Monday, January 12, 2009)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 872 | View Replies ]


Gods, Graves, Glyphs
Weekly Digest #242
Saturday, March 7, 2009

Let's Have Jerusalem

Rare Magic Inscription on Human Skull
  03/01/2009 5:44:01 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 37 replies · 691+ views
Biblical Archaeology Review 35:02 | Mar/Apr 2009 | Dan Levene
Only five skulls inscribed with Jewish Aramaic magic incantation texts have come to light, none from professional excavations. Like the others before it, this skull, acquired by collector Shlomo Moussaieff, raises more questions than it answers. Its relationship to the more common genre of incantation bowls and its use in a rite of magic seem clear enough. But until more information emerges, basic questions -- how this skull was used, for whom, by whom and for what reason -- remain unanswered. [Ardon Bar Hama] The Moussaieff incantation skull arrived in two earthenware bowls that form a container. The bowls...
 

UK: Pensioner spends 30 years building amazing model of Herod's Temple (photos)
  02/27/2009 6:59:37 AM PST · Posted by yankeedame · 33 replies · 987+ views
DailyMail.uk | 26th February 2009 | staff writer
Pensioner spends 30 years building amazing model of Herod's Temple ... Brick by brick, tiny figure by tiny figure, Alec Garrard has...worked for 30 years on an astonishing recreation of Herod's Temple. ...the Biblical project which now measures 20ft by 12ft and is housed in a seperate building in his garden. His version is so impressive...top archaeologists and experts...have come to view it. Alec Garrard standing next to the mode...[snip] ...the Court of Prayer, enables one to see< the extraordinary attention to detail...This artist's impression of Herod's Temple...in 1886 by James Tissot [snip] ...Mr Garrard, 78, has dedicated 33,000 hours...
 

Herod's Temple, in all its (tiny) grandeur (graphic intensive)
  03/02/2009 1:53:08 PM PST · Posted by NYer · 13 replies · 557+ views
Inside Catholic | March 2, 2009 | Brian Saint-Paul
Alec Garrard, a 78 year old British farmer, has spent the past 30 years building a 100:1 scale model of King Herod's Temple... and he isn't finished yet.The meticulously researched, painstakingly accurate model sits in a long house on Garrard's property. He created over 4,000 minature people to populate the model and hand-baked every clay brick. Amazing. See the entire magnificent thing here.
 

Faith and Philosophy

Sinai Monks in Historic Agreement with British Library
  04/23/2005 12:45:41 AM PDT · Posted by nickcarraway · 13 replies · 450+ views
The Art Newspaper | Saturday, 23 Avril 2005 | Martin Bai
Ownership dispute has been set aside for joint study and digitisation of the world's oldest bibleAn emotional reunion took place in the vaults of the British Library last month, when the archbishop responsible for St Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt was shown the Codex Sinaiticus, the world's oldest Bible. The manuscript, which had almost certainly been at the desert monastery from the sixth century onwards and possibly from two centuries earlier, was taken to Russia in the 19th century in controversial circumstances. It is so precious that only four scholars have been allowed full access to the...
 

Britain May Have to Give up Oldest Known Bible
  04/20/2005 12:03:16 AM PDT · Posted by nickcarraway · 18 replies · 965+ views
Times of London | April 12, 2005 | Dalya Alberge
THE British Library is facing the possible loss of one of its most important manuscripts, the world's oldest Bible, to a Middle Eastern monastery. The fear is raised weeks after the institution was told by a government advisory panel that a 12th-century manuscript in its collection was looted from a cathedral near Naples during the Second World War and must be returned. The backing last month by the Spoliation Advisory Panel of a 27-year campaign by the city of Benevento to be reunited with a jewel of Italy's heritage will have given renewed hope to St Catherine's, a desert monastery...
 

The Exodus

Moses was high on drugs: Israeli researcher
  03/04/2008 1:31:40 PM PST · Posted by Anti-Hillary · 98 replies · 497+ views
Breitbart | 3-4-08 | Breitbart
High on Mount Sinai, Moses was on psychedelic drugs when he heard God deliver the Ten Commandments, an Israeli researcher claimed in a study published this week. Such mind-altering substances formed an integral part of the religious rites of Israelites in biblical times, Benny Shanon, a professor of cognitive psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem wrote in the Time and Mind journal of philosophy. "As far Moses on Mount Sinai is concerned, it was either a supernatural cosmic event, which I don't believe, or a legend, which I don't believe either, or finally, and this is very probable, an...
 

Did G-d Speak at Sinai?
  05/28/2006 7:58:46 AM PDT · Posted by Zionist Conspirator · 16 replies · 355+ views
aish.com | Rabbi Nechemia Coopersmith and Rabbi Moshe Zeldman
What support is there for the claim that God spoke to all the Jewish people at the foot of Mount Sinai?Who did God give the Torah to at Mount Sinai? Most people reply, "God gave the Torah to Moses." And what were the Jewish people doing while Moses was receiving the Torah? "Worshipping the Golden Calf." Correct answers -- but NOT according to the Bible. The above answers come from Cecil B. DeMille's classic film, "The Ten Commandments." Amazing the impact one movie can have on the Jewish education of generations of Jews. It's a great film, but DeMille should...
 

Bob Cornuke - Christian Indiana Jones - Real Mt Sinai
  12/05/2005 1:02:57 PM PST · Posted by bahblahbah · 3 replies · 406+ views
First Family Church
Click on the Wensday 30th video and skip to a little over half way through. If you see desert or rocky images, you've gone too far. Here are some articles from Gordon Franz that opposes the theory that Jebel El-Lawz is Mt Sinai. http://www.ldolphin.org/franz-ellawz.html http://www.ldolphin.org/franz-sinai.html Here is an open letter Franz sent out(I could only find it on archive.org) and Cornuke's response. http://web.archive.org/web/20021021081348/http://www.ldolphin.org/cornukeletter.html http://www.baseinstitute.org/franz.pdf Touches for a second about the Shroud of Turin and the Davinci Code too.
 

Sinai

Sinai's turquoise goddess
  03/01/2009 6:56:44 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 9 replies · 330+ views
Al-Ahram Weekly | 26 February - 4 March 2009 | Nevine El-Aref
From pre-dynastic times, early Egyptians made their way to the Sinai Peninsula over land or across the Red Sea in search of minerals. Their chief targets were turquoise and copper, which they mined and extracted in the Sinai mountains. Archaeologists examining evidence left 8,000 years ago have concluded that some of the very earliest known settlers in Sinai were miners. In about 3,500 BC these mineral hunters discovered the great turquoise veins of Serabit Al-Khadim. Some 500 years later the Egyptians had mastered Sinai and set up a large and systematic mining operation at Serabit Al-Khadim, where they carved out...
 

Sakkara / Saqqara

Wooden sarcophaguses found in Egypt tomb
  03/01/2009 12:55:54 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 14 replies · 312+ views
Reuters, via Yahoo! | Thursday, February 26, 2009 | Jonathan Wright, ed by Louise Ireland
Japanese archaeologists working in Egypt have found four wooden sarcophaguses and associated grave goods which could date back up to 3,300 years, the Egyptian government said on Thursday. The team from Waseda University in Tokyo discovered the anthropomorphic sarcophaguses in a tomb in the Sakkara necropolis, about 25 km (15 miles) south of Cairo, the Supreme Council for Antiquities said in a statement. Sakkara, the burial ground for the ancient city of Memphis, remains one of the richest sources of Egyptian antiquities. Archaeologists say much remains buried in the sands. The tomb also contained three wooden Canopic jars, in which...
 

Mummies found hidden in Saqqara
  03/01/2009 6:50:30 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 9 replies · 312+ views
Al-Ahram Weekly | 19 - 25 February 2009 | Nevine El-Aref
Two weeks ago, during a routine excavation work at the mastaba of the Sixth-Dynasty lector-priest Sennedjem, archaeologists from the SCA stumbled upon what is believed to be a cache of mummies of the 26th Dynasty... inside an 11- metre deep burial shaft excavated inside the Sennedjem mastaba. Although the mastaba dates from a much earlier period, the shaft is intrusive... One of the newly-discovered, 2,600- year-old wooden coffins was still sealed... From the finely carved inscription on the coffin, Hawass was able to determine that the mummy belonged to a man named Padi-Heri, the son of Djehuty-Sesh-Nub and the grandson...
 

Giza

Ancient statue found buried at Egypt Giza pyramids
  03/02/2009 4:50:38 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 12 replies · 484+ views
Reuters | Tuesday, February 24, 2009 | Cynthia Johnston, ed by Tim Pearce
Maintenance workers at Egypt's Giza Pyramids have found an ancient quartzite statue of a seated man buried close to the surface of the desert, the culture ministry said on Tuesday. The statue, about life-size at 149 cm (five feet) tall, was found north of the smallest of Giza's three main pyramids, the tomb of the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Mycerinus, who ruled in the 26th century BC, the ministry said in a statement. The man was wearing a shoulder-length wig and was seated in a simple chair, his right hand clenched on his knee and holding an object. His left hand...
 

'Royal granddaughter's tomb' found near Cairo
  03/05/2009 6:29:33 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 8 replies · 161+ views
Times of London | Wednesday, March 4, 2009 | AFP
Cairo Archaeologists have unearthed the 3,000-year-old tomb of an Egyptian noblewoman in the necropolis of Saqqara, south of Cairo. The Japanese team believes that the tomb belongs to Isisnofret, granddaughter of Ramses II, the 19th Dynasty pharaoh who reigned over Egypt from 1304BC to 1237BC. The tomb contained a broken limestone sarcophagus bearing the name of Isisnofret, three mummies and fragments of funerary objects. The archaeologists' team leader, Sakuji Yoshimura, said that the find was made near the tomb of Prince Khaemwaset, a son of Ramses II. "Prince Khaemwaset had a daughter named Isisnofret [and] because of the proximity of...
 

Thebes / Luxor / KV

Ancient tomb rediscovered under sands of Egypt
  03/01/2009 1:06:35 PM PST · Posted by Jet Jaguar · 13 replies · 404+ views
ap via Breitbart | Mar 1, 2009 | n/a
Belgian archaeologists have unearthed a 3,500-year-old pharaonic official's tomb that had disappeared under sand in southern Egypt after it was first discovered about 130 years ago. Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities said in a statement Sunday that the Belgian team in Luxor uncovered the tomb of Amenhotep, the deputy seal-bearer for King Thutmose III who ruled Egypt in the 18th Dynasty. The tomb was first discovered in 1880 by Swedish Egyptologist Karl Piehl, but it was later buried under sand until the Belgian team found it again this year.
 

Isisnofret [search for an unknown tomb in the Valley of the Kings]
  03/05/2009 6:40:06 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 4 replies · 131+ views
News from the Valley of the Kings ('blog) | Monday, January 26, 2009 | Kate Phizackerley
Weeks relates that in 1902 Howard Carter found an ostracon in debris somewhere near the entrance to KV5 which mentions several tombs:From tr(t)yt [Kate: willow tree] to the general in chief 30 cubits; (and to) the tomb of the Greatest of Seers, Meryatum, 25 cubits. From Tr(t)yt (and? to?) tomb of the oils to my Greatest of Seers, 40 cubits. Downstream on the northern path where the old tomb is, 30 cubits to the general-in-chief.And on the other side:(From?) tomb of Isisnofret to the tomb of my Greatest of Seers, Meryatum, 200 cubits. From the end of the Water of...
 

Eighteenth Dynasty

Iraq: Small statue of Egyptian pharaoh found
  03/06/2009 7:51:23 AM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 7 replies · 184+ views
AllNewsWeb.com | Monday, February 16, 2009 | Michael Cohen
Archaeologists have discovered a small ancient statue of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen in Kurdish Northern Iraq. The discovery was made by a team led by noted Iraqi archaeologist Mr Hassan Ahmad in an area known as Dohuq Valley in a place referred to by locals as 'Pharaoh's Palace'. Experts have estimated the age of the statue at around 3500 years old, dating from around 1400 BC. The statue confirms historical data that the ancient Egyptians, during the 'New Kingdom' period, enjoyed warm relations with the Hittite Mitanni Kingdom and often travelled into their territory many hundreds of miles from the...
 

Amenhotep III statue rises again
  03/02/2009 4:45:32 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 6 replies · 243+ views
Times of London | Monday, March 2, 2009 | Norman Hammond
One of Egypt's most noted Pharaohs is once more standing tall and looking out across the Nile Valley, by the efforts of an international team and a little help from the British Museum. A colossal statue of Amenhotep III, grandfather of Tutankhamun and ruler of Egypt for more than 36 years, has been raised and given back his head. The red quartzite statue, one of a set that stood around the courtyard of his funerary temple at Kom el-Hettan, near Luxor, fell centuries ago. In the early 19th century the British collector Henry Salt acquired its head, together with a...
 

Epigraphy...

Fragments of Ancient Egyptian Papyrus Found [ Turin Kinglist ]
  03/01/2009 5:56:06 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 9 replies · 325+ views
Discovery News | Discovery News | Rossella Lorenzi
Found stored between two sheets of glass in the basement of the Museo Egizio in Turin, the fragments belong to a 3,000-year-old unique document, known as the Turin Kinglist. Like many ancient Egyptian documents, the Turin Kinglist is written on the stem of a papyrus plant. Believed to date from the long reign of Ramesses II, the papyrus contains an ancient list of Egyptian kings. Scholars from the British Museum were tipped off to the existence of the additional fragments after reviewing a 1959 analysis of the papyrus by a British archaeologist. In his work, the archaeologist, Alan Gardiner, mentions...
 

...and Language

A handy little guide to small talk in the Stone Age
  03/04/2009 4:07:29 PM PST · Posted by billorites · 20 replies · 297+ views
Times online | February 26, 2009 | Mark Henderson
A "time traveller's phrasebook" that could allow basic communication between modern English speakers and Stone Age cavemen is being compiled by scientists studying the evolution of language. Research has identified a handful of modern words that have changed so little in tens of thousands of years that ancient hunter-gatherers would probably have been able to understand them. Anybody who was catapulted back in time to Ice Age Europe would stand a good chance of being intelligible to the locals by using words such as "I", "who" and "thou" and the numbers "two", "three" and "five", the work suggests. More nuanced...
 

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Horses tamed 1,000 years earlier than thought
  03/06/2009 8:03:54 AM PST · Posted by BGHater · 8 replies · 183+ views
Times Online | 06 Mar 2009 | Mark Henderson
Horses were first tamed at least 5,500 years ago, by peoples who not only rode them but milked them as well. Archaeological research has shown that the domestication of horses began at least 1,000 years earlier than thought, among the Botai culture that thrived in what is now Kazakhstan between 3700BC and 3100BC. A British-led team of scientists has discovered three lines of evidence that point to an equestrian tradition among the Botai, who lived in a region where wild horses are known to have been abundant. The findings, published in the journal Science, also show that the animals were...
 

Earliest domesticated horses dated 5,500 years ago
  03/06/2009 8:59:29 AM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 22 replies · 275+ views
AP via Yahoo! | Thursday, March 5, 2009 | Randolph E. Schmid
To Hell with AP.
 

Japan

DNA sheds light on mysterious Okhotsk people
  03/02/2009 4:31:26 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 7 replies · 322+ views
Asahi Shimbun | February 24, 2009 | Nobuyuki Watanabe
Scholars using DNA testing hope to unravel age-old mysteries surrounding the Okhotsk people, who suddenly disappeared around the 10th century in northern parts of Hokkaido. And their research could shatter theories on the evolution of the indigenous Ainu people. The Okhotsk culture is believed to have originated on Sakhalin and spread south to northern Hokkaido around the fifth century, when Japan was in the kofun period of tumulus mounds. The culture eventually spread to eastern Hokkaido and reached the Chishima archipelago, before disappearing in the 10th century... Some scholars believe the Okhotsk people were the northern race referred to as...
 

Helix, Make Mine a Double

A Curious Case of Genetic Resurrection
  03/06/2009 3:24:15 PM PST · Posted by neverdem · 2 replies · 84+ views
ScienceNOW Daily News | 6 March 2009 | Benjamin Lester
Curious evolution. Lemurs and other prosimians have a working copy of IRGM, but new data show that junk DNA then rendered it nonfunctional in monkeys. Two mutations and the insertion of a retrovirus restored its function in apes and humans. Credit: Adapted from Cemalettin Bekpen/Stockxpert.com Some genes just won't stay dead. Between 40 million and 50 million years ago, a slice of DNA called IRGM stopped functioning in the ancestors of modern-day monkeys. But 25 million years later, in the lineage that led to humans and great apes, three random events turned the gene back on. In mammals...
 

Neandertal / Neanderthal

First Draft of the Neandertal Genome Sequence Released
  03/04/2009 7:00:22 PM PST · Posted by GodGunsGuts · 50 replies · 585+ views
ICR | March 4, 2009 | Jeffrey Tomkins, Ph.D.
First Draft of the Neandertal Genome Sequence Released by Jeffrey Tomkins, Ph.D.* The highly anticipated initial draft assembly of the Neandertal genome was announced at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in the United States and at a European press conference.1 This genomic milestone involves approximately 3 billion bases of ancient human (Neandertal) DNA sequenced so far, which is the same amount of DNA contained in one set of human chromosomes or a single genome coverage. This is a major event in the booming scientific field referred to as "paleogenomics," a discipline that...
 

Catastrophism...

New Zealand & New Caledonia Geographically Connected: Ocean's Journey Towards the Center of Earth
  03/06/2009 12:42:30 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 5 replies · 184+ views
ScienceDaily | Thursday, March 5, 2009 | Monash University
A Monash geoscientist and a team of international researchers have discovered the existence of an ocean floor was destroyed 50 to 20 million years ago, proving that New Caledonia and New Zealand are geographically connected. Using new computer modelling programs Wouter Schellart and the team reconstructed the prehistoric cataclysm that took place when a tectonic plate between Australia and New Zealand was subducted 1100 kilometres into the Earth's interior and at the same time formed a long chain of volcanic islands at the surface. Mr Schellart conducted the research, published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, in collaboration...
 

...and Astronomy

Kepler, SETI and Ancient Probes
  03/05/2009 6:03:25 PM PST · Posted by LibWhacker · 26 replies · 393+ views
Centauri Dreams | 3/5/09
We've already speculated here that if the Kepler mission finds few Earth-like planets in the course of its investigations, the belief that life is rare will grow. But let's be optimists and speculate on the reverse: What if Kepler pulls in dozens, even hundreds, of Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones of their respective stars? In that case, the effort to push on to study the atmospheres of such planets would receive a major boost, aiding the drive to launch a terrestrial planet hunter with serious spectroscopic capabilities some time in the next decade.Budget problems? Let's fold Darwin...
 

Moderate Islam

Endangered Site: Visoki Decani Monastery, Kosovo
  03/06/2009 10:25:16 AM PST · Posted by Doctor13 · 10 replies · 361+ views
The Smithsonian Magazine | March 2009 | Kathleen Burke
The fate of the 14th-century abbey, one of the best-preserved medieval churches in the Balkans, has been darkened by ethnic violence. Time stands still within the Visoki Decani Monastery, nestled among chestnut groves at the foot of the Prokletije Mountains in western Kosovo. Declared a World Heritage Site in 2004, Unesco cited the 14th-century abbey as an irreplaceable treasure, a place where "traditions of Romanesque architecture meet artistic patterns of the Byzantine world." The Serbian Orthodox monastery represents, according to art historian Bratislav Pantelic, author of a book on Decani's architecture, "the largest and best-preserved medieval church in the entire...
 

Central Asia / Religion of Peace

What Will Happen to Ancient Art in the Taliban's Swat?
  03/02/2009 4:38:57 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 16 replies · 262+ views
Archaeology | Friday, February 20, 2009 | Beyond Stone & Bone Archive
For centuries, the Swat River valley was a Buddhist haven. According to tradition, Buddha himself journeyed to Swat during his last reincarnation, and preached to the local villagers. And by the 6th-century A.D, Buddhist pilgrims from as far away as China flocked to the Swat valley, a beautiful lush land of orchards and rushing mountain streams. One early Chinese account describes as many as 1400 Buddhist monasteries perched along the valley walls in the 7th century. Devout Buddhist artists left an incredibly rich legacy in Swat. Since the valley lay along a major route of the Silk Road -- which...
 

Greece

Scientists Reconstruct An Ancient Greek Musical Instrument, The Epigonion
  03/06/2009 9:11:28 AM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 23 replies · 494+ views
ScienceDaily | Wednesday, March 4, 2009 | EGEE, AlphaGalileo
The ASTRA project, standing for Ancient instruments Sound/Timbre Reconstruction Application, has revived an instrument that hasn't been played or heard in centuries. Using the Enabling Grids for E-sciencE infrastructure for computing power, a team based in Salerno and Catania, Italy, has reconstructed the "epigonion," a harp-like, stringed instrument used in ancient Greece. With data from numerous sources, including pictures on urns, fragments from excavations and written descriptions, the team has been able to model what the instrument would have looked and sounded like. Their model has become sophisticated enough to be used by musicians of the Conservatories of Music of...
 

Statues offer clues to Greek isle's past (Keros Island, Cycladine)
  01/01/2007 4:32:18 AM PST · Posted by TigerLikesRooster · 11 replies · 825+ views
AP | 12/31/06 | NICHOLAS PAPHITIS
Unlike its larger, postcard-perfect neighbors in the Aegean Sea, Keros is a tiny rocky dump inhabited by a single goatherd. But the barren islet was of major importance to the mysterious Cycladic people, a sophisticated pre-Greek civilization with no written language that flourished 4,500 years ago and produced strikingly modern-looking artwork. A few miles from the resorts of Mykonos and Santorini, Keros is a repository of art from the seafaring culture whose flat-faced marble statues inspired the work...
 

Brits cave: Elgin Marbles on way back to Greece
  08/03/2003 2:42:34 PM PDT · Posted by yankeedame · 24 replies · 224+ views
News.Com.AU | August 4, 2003 | Jon Ungoed-Thomas
Marbles back for Greek GamesBy Jon Ungoed-Thomas August 4, 2003THE British Museum has held undisclosed talks with the Greek Government over a proposal to return the Elgin Marbles to Athens for next year's Olympic Games. The museum has confirmed it had talked with the Greeks about lending the marbles, despite repeatedly stating they would remain in Britain. In Athens, work has started on a $74 million Acropolis Museum, which has been designed specifically to exhibit the marbles. Under the proposed deal, the exhibition space might formally be designated an annexe of the British Museum. British Museum director Neil MacGregor confirmed...
 

Rome and Italy

What the Romans learnt from Greek mathematics
  03/02/2009 4:35:10 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 5 replies · 268+ views
AlphaGalileo | Saturday, February 28, 2009 | University of Gothenburg
Greek mathematics is considered one of the great intellectual achievements of antiquity. It has been decisive to the academic and cultural development of Western civilisation. The three Roman authors Varro, Cicero and Vitruvius were all, in their own way, influenced by Greek knowledge and transferred it to Roman literature. In his dissertation, Erik Bohlin, at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, studied the traces of Greek influence on these authors with regard to the mathematical branch of geometry... According to some sources, the Roman author Varro is supposed to have written a book on the subject of geometry... Cicero's rhetorical and...
 

Malta

Underground passageways discovered in Valletta
  03/01/2009 6:37:10 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 4 replies · 356+ views
Times of Malta | Friday, 27th February 2009 | Kurt Sansone
Preliminary archaeological studies in St George's Square, Valletta have uncovered an undocumented network of underground passageways, which could possibly connect to the Palace... The passageways were discovered on Tuesday when government employees from the Works Division under architect Claude Borg dug through a wall in a small room on Archbishop Street. After clearing debris and other material, they discovered that the passageway leads to under the Main Guard portico, parallel to the Palace... Further excavation works revealed that the central passageway had a number of corridors that led to other directions. One such corridor, at right angles with the central...
 

The Phoenicians

Statue Find 'A Revelation' (Phoenician 'Baal Addir')
  08/07/2002 9:39:50 AM PDT · Posted by blam · 64 replies · 589+ views
Australian News.com | 8-7-2002
Statue find 'a revelation' From correspondents in Rome August 07, 2002 A HUMAN-size statue of Baal Addir, the Phoenician god of the dead, has been found in an ancient tomb in southern Sardinia. The statue was found in a burial site used by the ancient people of Carthage, who held the southern Mediterranean island after the Punic Wars against the Romans in the third century BC. Italy's national research centre today said the discovery of the red-and-black statue pointed to the large presence of Carthaginians on the island from 510 to 238 BC. They had apparently used the statue to...
 

Aram / Syria

Cuneiform tablet discovered in Homs dating back to 1700 B.C.
  03/01/2009 6:39:21 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 8 replies · 344+ views
Syrian Arab news agency | February 19, 2009 | H.Zain/ Idelbi
The Syrian National Expedition working at al-Mishrefa (Qatana) site in Homs governorate discovered Wednesday a cuneiform tablet dating back to1700 B.C. of the Bronze era. The tablet tells the story of Mrs. Khimar Ashkhara who buys a wall to separate between her house and the house of her neighbors Mr. Akhla Ashmieh and to fix the real-estate of her property in return for 25 grams of silver
 

Cyprus

2008 Excavation Results -- Pyrgos Mavroraki [Advanced Technology In Bronze Age Cyprus]
  03/01/2009 6:27:39 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 1 replies · 146+ views
Maria Rosaria Belgiorno Project | January 2009 | Antonio de Strobel (?)
A second building was discovered and brought to light in 2008 South to the industrial area. This is a unique construction, consisting of two rooms arranged in a triangular area. As the nearby building it was probably destroyed by the earthquake and abandoned in 1800 BC circa... The room is rectangular, tapered toward southeast to follow the triangular shape of the complex. It is divided into two areas: the north is covered, the south unroofed. The North keeps intact the lying of the collapse of structures at the time of the earthquake. The collapse, which was not removed, it gives...
 

Persian Gulf

Ancient seal dating back to Bronze Age discovered in Abu Dhabi
  03/02/2009 4:48:34 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 1 replies · 176+ views
Gulfnews | Sunday, March 01, 2009 | Staff
A team working for the Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD) has found an ancient stone cylinder seal dating back to the beginning of the local Bronze Age, around 5,000 years ago. It is the first of its type found in Arabia and was found in the deserts of the Al Gharbia area (Western Region) of Abu Dhabi. The discovery was made by a team from GRM International that is currently undertaking the Abu Dhabi Emirate soil survey, which is managed by EAD. The seal was lying in an area where samples were being collected. The seal is in the...
 

Australia & the Pacific

Archaeologists Find Prehistoric Buildings [Bujang Valley Malaysia]
  03/05/2009 7:57:51 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 12 replies · 189+ views
Malaysian National News Agency | Wednesday, March 4, 2009 | unattributed
A group of archaeologists has unearthed two prehistoric buildings from the third century AD in the Bujang Valley recently... found a building and a smelting factory, following an excavation project in Sungai Batu, Semeling... "This latest finding at Sungai Batu I were of bricks believed to be from a house or office, and another at Sungai Batu II which functioned as a smelting factory," he said... Dr Mokhtar said coal samples found at the foundry were sent for Radiocarbon Dating tests at the Beta Analytic Inc, Florida, US, which confirmed that it dated back to the third or fourth century...
 

Europe

Archive Collapse Disaster for Historians [Cologne's Historical Archive]
  03/04/2009 8:09:43 AM PST · Posted by Mike Fieschko · 28 replies · 533+ views
Der Spiegel | 03/04/2009 | Andrew Curry
The collapse of the Historical Archive of Cologne on Tuesday buried more than a millenium's worth of documents under tons of rubble. Archivists and historians hope something can be salvaged, but the future of the city's past is grim. Disaster struck in Cologne on Tuesday, as the building housing the city's Historical Archive suddenly collapsed. According to city officials, two people are officially missing and believed dead. ... Cologne's archives are one of the only collections in Germany to have survived World War II completely intact. Because of Cologne's long history, much of its heritage was stored locally rather than...
 

Stone Age Art

World's Oldest Art Uncovered in Germany
  12/20/2003 10:06:34 AM PST · Posted by Lessismore · 14 replies · 213+ views
Deutsche Welle | 19.12.2003
Archeologists working on a dig in the southern German province of Swabia have unearthed what they claim to be the oldest statue in the history of art. The three little figurines carved from mammoth bone were discovered in a cave in Southern Germany, and are so intricate in their design that archeologists believe they could change our understanding of the imaginative power of early man's mind. The artifacts date back between 30,000 and 33,000 years, to a time when some of modern humans' earliest relatives populated the European continent. The incredible discovery was made during a dig headed by U.S....
 

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Sir John Hawkwood
  03/06/2009 9:06:28 AM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 4 replies · 164+ views
Paladins of Chivalry | 2006 | Martin Cazey
John Hawkwood came from obscurity in Essex to fight with distinction in the early part of the Hundred Years War when he was knighted. With the coming of peace in 1360 he went with other "unemployed" soldiers to Italy, where he became a famous mercenary captain. He was appointed Captain General of the armies of Florence and in old age was planning to return to England when he died... Hawkwood learned his trade as the English battled the French for twenty years. It was during this time that the tactics of the English with their men at arms supported ably...
 

Not So Ancient Autopsies

Skeleton of village 'witch' to be re-buried [ a good bit o' spin in the headline ]
  03/06/2009 9:34:23 AM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 35 replies · 390+ views
Kent Online | March 2009 | Keyan Milanian
The medieval remains of a teenage girl who may have been suspected of witchcraft are to be given a Christian burial and funeral. The skeleton, found by Faversham-based archaeologist Dr Paul Wilkinson, is thought to be from the 14th or 15th century. It was found in unconsecrated ground under a holly tree, next to Hoo St Werburgh parish church, near Rochester. The remains would normally be left in archives for future archaeological reference, but the vicar of Hoo, the Rev Andy Harding, has asked for the body to be returned so she can be re-buried in the church grounds. Dr...
 

But for Wales?

St George Found In Welsh Church
  06/27/2004 4:03:04 PM PDT · Posted by blam · 20 replies · 216+ views
BBC | 6-27-2004
St George found in Welsh church The life-size painting was discovered during renovation work A medieval wall painting has been uncovered during renovation work at a south Wales church. A life-size image of St George standing on a slain a dragon was uncovered at St Cadoc's church in Llangattock Lingoed, near Abergavenny. Discovered during recent renovations at the centuries old church, experts have described the painting as a "special find". The painting is thought to have been covered up during the Reformation. Ruth McNeilage who is a specialist in conserving wall paintings worked on the image. "It is quite high...
 

The Vikings

Inuit and viking contact in ancient times
  03/02/2009 3:04:03 PM PST · Posted by BGHater · 4 replies · 277+ views
The Arctic Sounder | 26 Feb 2009 | RONALD BROWER
Editor's note: This is the second of two parts. There are many stories of "Qalunaat," white-skinned strangers who were encountered in Inuit occupied lands in times of old. Much of the traditional life had changed by the 1840s when Hinrich Johannes Rink went to Greenland to study geology and later became the governor of Greenland. Johannes was soon drawn to a new interest in the Inuit language and folklore, which he viewed as national treasures. He published old stories collected in 1866 "Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo" in which he included some early contact stories with the Qalunaat. In...
 

Prehistory and Origins

Oldest Known Fossilized Brain Found in Kansas (cue the Helen Thomas jokes!
  03/03/2009 11:29:16 AM PST · Posted by Red in Blue PA · 59 replies · 885+ views
Fox | 3/3/2009 | Fox
WASHINGTON -- A 300-million-year-old fossilized brain has been discovered by researchers studying a type of fish that once lived in what is now Kansas and Oklahoma. "Fossilized brains are unusual, and this is by far the oldest known example," said John Maisey, curator in the division of paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. "Soft tissue has fossilized in the past, but it is usually muscle and organs like kidneys," Maisey said in a statement.
 

PreColumbian, Clovis, and PreClovis

Spanish Archaeologists Find Oldest Evidence of Man in Paraguay [ 5,000 years ]
  03/02/2009 4:28:26 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 5 replies · 148+ views
Latin American Herald Tribune | February 2009 | unattributed
Spanish experts have found in Paraguay the oldest evidence of the presence of man dating back more than 5,000 years. The find was made during the course of an investigation being conducted into the heritage of the Pai Tavytera Indians. The remnants of ancient man's presence - which were not specified - were found in a hill known as Jasuka Venda by a team from the Altamira Museum, which is responsible for looking after the same-named cave containing the famous Upper Paleolithic cave paintings. The museum will present details of the Paraguay find at the International Congress on Cave Art...
 

Lost Pre-Inca Treasure Found In Spanish Lock-Up
  12/06/2007 8:05:58 AM PST · Posted by blam · 13 replies · 120+ views
The Guardian (UK) | 12-602997 | Dale Fuchs
Lost pre-Inca treasure found in Spanish lock-up Dale Fuchs in Madrid Thursday December 6, 2007 The Guardian(UK) Police have uncovered a hidden storage room in Spain holding 1,800 pieces of pre-Colombian art, including ceremonial masks, ceramics, jewellery and a suit of 37 plates of gold - artefacts from a collection last seen in public 10 years ago. Many of the metallic pieces, including four copper masks, four gold rattles and four gold nose pendants, derived from the ancient tomb of the Lord of Sipan, one of the most important vestiges of pre-Inca Moche culture in Peru. The treasure, "of incalculable...
 

Early America

Congress looking to acquire, preserve Revolutionary War battlefields
  03/03/2009 9:44:42 PM PST · Posted by Coleus · 15 replies · 225+ views
star ledger
Legislation to protect Revolutionary War battlefield sites, including some in New Jersey, is moving through Congress. Sponsored by New Jersey Democrat Rush Holt, the bill would establish a $50 million grant program to help acquire and preserve battlefields, barracks and other sites related to the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. New Jersey has nearly 300 sites with direct ties to events of the American Revolution. The bill would allow the National Park Service to collaborate with state and local governments and nonprofit organizations to preserve and protect sites threatened by housing sprawl and commercial development. It now awaits...
 

The Framers

the 8th Amendment
  03/02/2009 4:15:10 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 13 replies · 282+ views
Constitution of the United States, via Populist America et al | The Framers
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
 

The Civil War

In Douglass Tribute, Slave Folklore and Fact Collide
  01/23/2007 6:46:55 PM PST · Posted by neverdem · 21 replies · 837+ views
NY Times | January 23, 2007 | NOAM COHEN
At the northwest corner of Central Park, construction is under way on Frederick Douglass Circle, a $15.5 million project honoring the escaped slave who became a world-renowned orator and abolitionist. Beneath an eight-foot-tall sculpture of Douglass, the plans call for a huge quilt in granite, an array of squares, a symbol in each, supposedly part of a secret code sewn into family quilts and used along the Underground Railroad to aid slaves. Two plaques would explain this. The only problem: According to many prominent historians, the secret code -- the subject of a popular book that has been featured on...
 

Longer Perspectives

Desert Secret Cracked: Ancient Hunting Techniques Revealed
  03/02/2009 5:32:41 AM PST · Posted by SJackson · 40 replies · 2,148+ views
Arutz Sheva | 3-3-09 | Baruch Gordon
Desert Secret Cracked: Ancient Hunting Techniques Revealed Adar 6, 5769, 02 March 09 11:12by Baruch Gordon (IsraelNN.com) How did humans living in the third millennium BCE manage to find sufficient quantities of meat in the arid desert regions? A new study of the "desert kites" that are spread across the expanses of Israel's Negev and Arava desert region, carried out by researchers from the University of Haifa, unearths the answer to this riddle.Already in the early 20th century, British pilots flying over the Middle Eastern deserts identified strange forms spreading over hundreds of meters, sometimes even over a few kilometers....
 

Climate

Reversing Ecology Reveals Ancient Environments
  03/02/2009 4:56:58 PM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 1 replies · 144+ views
ScienceDaily | February 25, 2009 | Stanford University
Elhanan Borenstein is lead author of a paper that offers clues to the complex evolutionary interplay between organisms such as parasites and hosts. From hair color to the ancestral line of parasitic bacteria, scientists can glean a lot from genes. But imagine if genes also revealed where you lived or who you spent time with. It turns out they do, if you know where and how to look. Stanford researchers with collaborators at Tel-Aviv University have now laid the foundation for opening such a window to the past using a technique called "reverse ecology." The technique uses genomic data to...
 

Thoroughly Modern Miscellany

Science rewrites Northern legend [ The Hunt for the Mad Trapper ]
  03/06/2009 9:52:52 AM PST · Posted by SunkenCiv · 9 replies · 284+ views
Northern News Services | Monday, March 2, 2009 | Andrew Livingstone
A soon to be released documentary will prove Canadians hoping they inherited some rebel blood from the infamous Mad Trapper dead wrong. Airing in May, the Hunt for the Mad Trapper will prove the outlaw, otherwise known as Albert Johnson, is either American or Scandinavian, not Canadian as originally thought... "The oral histories and written history all fits," she said. "It tells us that people who spoke with him, when he did speak, said he had a Scandinavian accent. Others said he was Johnny Johnson from the Midwest U.S. It was interesting the science matched what information was there." Albert...
 

end of digest #242 20090307



874 posted on 03/06/2009 4:48:17 PM PST by SunkenCiv (https://secure.freerepublic.com/donate/____________________ Profile updated Monday, January 12, 2009)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 872 | View Replies ]

Free Republic
Browse · Search
Bloggers & Personal
Topics · Post Article


FreeRepublic, LLC, PO BOX 9771, FRESNO, CA 93794
FreeRepublic.com is powered by software copyright 2000-2008 John Robinson