Zoroastrianism - The World of the Wise Lord [Religion of the Persian Empire]

While browsing through the ancient Persian history, I was struck and fascinated by another subject Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism has not only made a major contribution to the ancient philosophical thought but has also had a deep imprint on the Persian history and culture. Since ages, man has been striving to search for the meaning and purpose of life. Two ancient philosophies threw up answers to this eternal quest.

One came out of the Vedic thought of re-incarnation (samsara) which believed in perpetual cycles of life, death and re-birth. It believed that soul (atma) finally got liberated (moksha) based on man's good deeds (Karma). Originally from Santana Dharma, the philosophy was followed by Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism with some internal differences.

The other ancient philosophy emanated from Zoroastrianism which explained that a man's life is a struggle between the good and the evil. Its monotheistic concept included a satan, a messiah, death, resurrection, day of judgment, heaven and hell. Originally from Zoroastrianism, this philosophy was followed by Judaism, Christianity and Islam with their own other internal differences.

Zoroastrianism was the first revealed monotheistic faith founded by the Prophet Spenta Zarathustra. Exact period of birth of Zarathustra has not been determined but the conservative Zoroastrians believe it to be around 4000 BC, or even earlier. Zoroastrianism took roots in Southern Persia at a place known as Fars which the Greeks pronounced as Pars. The Pars gave the further derivatives like Persia, Persians and the Parsees. Persia was renamed Iran as late as 1935 by Emperor Raza Shah Pehelvi.

It was Cyrus the great who united Persia in 559 BC and Zoroastrianism was established as a state religion. When Cyrus conquered Babylon in 539 BC, the Jews were freed from slavery. The Jews regarded him as their messiah and this led to a 500 years of peaceful co-existence between the Persians and the Jews. Zoroastrianism greatly influenced Judaism; and consequently, Christianity and Islam. The words "Satan", "Paradise" and "Amen" originated from Aveshtha, the Zoroastrian language.

The Zoroastrians belief is of one Supreme Entity, the Wise Lord, Ahura Mazd, who is invisible and formless, is a source of goodness, energy and light. While Ahura Mazda is the source of wisdom and goodness, Angra Mainyu is Satan, a source of evil and darkness. A man has the freedom to choose between the virtue and the vice. There is a concept of the body and soul. After death, the soul crosses a bridge (Chinvato Paretu), where the good deeds are weighed against the bad deeds. Either the person falls into a hell or crosses the bridge to reach the heaven. The savior or sayoshant plays its part on the day of judgment. Eventually, everyone is expected to be purified and the occupants of the hell will also be released.

Contrary to the general perception, the Zoroastrians do not worship Fire. Fire is used in the temple as a point of focus like the Cross or Kaaba. The Fire, which is radiant, pure and life sustaining, symbolizes the Wise Lord, Ahura mazda.

Another custom of leaving the dead body to be cleaned by the birds is also misunderstood. This is more of a social custom rather than a religious ritual. Zoroastrianism considers that once the soul (urvan) leaves the body, the body is no more than a useless waste. Instead of leaving it to decompose and cause disease, it felt it preferable to let it be cleaned away by the birds in an organized manner in the "Towers of Silence" (Dokhma). The bones are subsequently bleached to let them crumble down to dust. The departed soul is left behind to remain in the hearts and minds of people rather than in the shape of body remains.

Zoroastrianism is a simple compact faith with the right mix of spirituality, ethics and environment, a subject in which it was far ahead of its times. Its religious scripture, Avesta, has five parts - Yasna (religious ceremonies), Videvdad (laws), Yashts (worship), Khordeh Aveshta (prayers). The holy book includes the original five Gathas containing 17 hymns revealed to Spenta Zarathustra. There are five prayers in a day preceded by ablutions. A sacred cord called Kushti, made of wool, is tied around the waist to practice any teaching of Zarathustra. A Topee is also worn like most other faiths. All religious rituals are performed before a sacred fire, the living flame being the symbol of the faith. A constant sacred fire is kept lit in the temples in a silver urn fuelled by frankincense.

The scripture, in the form of sacred poetry, speaks about the worship of God, understanding of the right path, the promotion of social justice, the individual choice between the good and evil and a universal vision of harmony. Zoroastrianism believes in gender equality, cleanliness, hard work and charity. Cruelty to the animals is not liked and all elements of nature like fire, sun, air, earth and water are to be respected.

After Cyrus, Zoroastrianism continued to flourish for the next 1500 years (600 BC-1000 AD) right through the Achaemenian, Parthian and Sassani Empires. The only interruption came in the form of Alexander the great who conquered Persia in 330 BC and the Greeks ruled Persia for about 200 years and introduced the Persian culture to the West. Both the Greeks and the Romans respected the Persian culture.

But the real upheaval came when the Arabs (Umayyads) conquered Persia in 7 AD and a new religion and culture was imposed. The Zoroastrians were driven to remote areas like Yazd and Kerman where they barely managed to preserve their religion and culture. After Umayyads, Abbasids, Seljuk Turks (1037 AD) and the Mongols (1219-1500 AD) followed in the shape of Genghis Khan, Halague and Timur who also did not give any breathing space to Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism lay waste and the Persians opted for their own version of Islam, the Shia sect.

In a relative sense, it appears that the Arabs (Umayyads and Abbasids) treated the Zoroastrians comparatively better than the later Central Asian conquerors. Caliph Omar recognized the Zoroastrians as the "people of book". The Zoroastrians had begun migrating since 8 AD but the major migration took place around 10 AD from Khorasan to the West coast of India. A Hindu Raja, Jaday Rama of Gujrat gave them the refuge. Subsequently, the East India Company invited them to Bombay as ship builders, cotton kings, international traders and brokers. Due to their integrity, loyalty and charity, the Indian Zoroastrians, commonly known as Parsees, have left a deep imprint on India far greater then their numbers.

Dababhai Naoroji served as president of Indian National Congress in 1886, 1893 and 1906. Some other well known Parsees include Naoroji Furdonji, Homi Bhaba, Zubin Mehta, Rahumtan Mistry, Tatas, Wadias and Godrej. Some well known Pakistani Parsees are Behram Avery, Bapsi Sidhwa, Jamshed Marker, M P Bhandara and Cowasjee. They established charitable hospitals, schools, colleges and orphanages. They also did well as lawyers, solicitors, doctors and administrators.

The Parsees adopted the Indian dress with their own modifications. Women wore long sleeved blouses and sarees with reverse pallu. Men wore trousers (not dhoti) with long coats and tall cornered black caps. They have fair complexion and sharp features. The Parsee cuisine has a liberal use of eggs. Their vegetable, meat, pulse and rice potpourri (dhanshakh) and fish stuffed with spice rolled in banana leaves (patrani machchi) is a delicacy.

The Parsees carry out a Sadreh-pushi or an initiation ceremony (Navjat) for both young boys and girls to admit them to the faith. Sadreh is an undershirt of pure white muslin with a small pocket in front to fill it with good deeds every day. One has to be born inside the faith and there is no preaching to convert others. There is a Yalda festival where families sit together in long winter nights and eat melon which is thought to protect against illness. New Year is celebrated by the No Ruz festival. To the consternation of the Iranian Government, and even the Arabs, the No Ruz festival is widely followed by the Iranians.

According to one estimate, there are only around 200,000 followers of Zoroastrianism in the world. Their number has drastically dwindled because like Judaism, they do not marry outside the faith and do not carry out conversions. The largest number, around 70,000, lives in India, about 60,000 in Iran and rest are spread all over the world. UNESCO declared 2003 as the Year of 3000 Anniversary of the Zoroastrian culture. Zoroastrians need to begin marrying outside the faith so that this great heritage of mankind is not reduced only to the pages of history.

And whether one is a believer of re-incarnation (Samsara) or the day of Judgment (Qiamat), no one can have an objection to the central theme of Zoroastrianism - Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta.

From the "Would You Like Fries With That?" Department...

All Consuming Faith
by Debora MacKenzie
5 August 2000
New Scientist magazine
Griffon vultures are dying across India, apparently succumbing to a mysterious illness. Wildlife experts are becoming increasingly concerned about the viability of one species in particular. But for India's ancient Parsee religion the vultures' decline poses a more practical problem. Parsees, the religious descendants of the Zoroastrians of ancient Persia, rely on vultures to dispose of their dead, and the bodies are piling up.
Earliest Civilizations of the Near East
by James Mellaart
1965, LOC 65-19415
Library of Early Civilizations
"The people of Catal Huyuk buried their dead below the platforms of their houses and shrines only after the flesh had been removed, probably for the sake of hygiene. The primary process of excarnation may have taken place in light structures, built of reeds and matting as depicted on the wall of a shrine, or by means of vultures." [p 86]

"In this book we see the first beginnings of agriculture from somewhere around 9000 BC, continuing in cultures in which at first pottery, long thought to be the main criterion of a 'neolithic' culture, was not in fact made, and then before many centuries have elapsed, the first use of metals -- copper or lead or gold, cold-worked from the native metal from the sixth millennium BC. The old technological-evolutionary stages of Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and so on are rapidly losing their crisp outlines, but only because we are now able to perceive something which, because it is more muddled and imprecise, is more human." [Stuart Piggott, general editor's preface]

It's amazing the things which have survived, and particularly in this case considering that this particular faith was not necessarily well thought of by the ancient Hindu.

Dancing with Siva:
Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism
by Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
[pp 558-559, "Zoroastrianism"]
"Asceticism and celibacy are condemned; purity and avoidance of defilement... are valued... Zoroastrianism stresses monotheism, while recognizing the universal sway of two opposite forces... Man's life... is a moral struggle, not a search for knowledge or enlightenment. He is put on the earth to affirm and approve the world, not to deny it, not to escape from it... Man has but one life. He also has the freedom to choose between good and evil... At death, each is judged and consigned to his deserved abode... Though there is resurrection of the dead, a judgment and a kingdom of heaven on earth... all sins are eventually burned away and all of mankind exists forever with Ahura Mazda. Hell, for the Zoroastrian, is not eternal."

Regarding their ancient scriptures, Mary Settegast wrote:

Plato Prehistorian
by Mary Settegast
[pp 212-214]
Perhaps three-fourths of the original Zend-Avesta... is believed to be lost... The Avesta was not written down until the Sassanian period (the third to seventh centuries A.D.)... Zarathustra's Gathas are particularly obscure... Not only do the Gathas appear to be a good deal older linguistically than even the oldest parts of the Younger Avesta, but the same characters who speak and act with immediacy... are represented in the Younger Avesta as belonging to a remote past... The Fravardin Yast [of the Younger Avesta] ...contains references to Iranian peoples who were apparently unknown to the earliest Achaemenid records of the sixth century B.C. And with the single exception of "Ragha," believed to be ancient Rayy near Tehran, no allusion is made to a known Iranian city or village... A generic use of the prophet's name might also explain the occasional indications in ancient literature that there was more than one historical Zarathustra. Pliny, for example, when referring to the Zarathustra born 6,000 years before Plato, remarked that "it is not so clear whether there was only one man of this name, or another one later on."

Luciano Canforra wrote:

The Vanished Library
by Luciano Canforra
[pp 24]
The translation of the Iranian writings attributed to Zoroaster, amounting to more than two million lines of verse, was remembered centuries later as a notable feat...

The followers of Zoroaster were persecuted by the hierarchy of Zervan. The worship of Zervan was largely abandoned in favor of Zoroastrianism, but may have hung on here and there until Islam arrived. Zervan temples are not known to me; maybe a search will turn up something. My guess is that Zervan was worshipped in shrines at geographically significant places (foot of the mountain pass, ford over the river) and on the outskirts of villages and towns. I think now of Petra, with its high places where great bonfires were built to worship their now-obscure deities.

The major sites, language, history, and king lists of the Elamites remain mostly unknown except for references in the annals of their ancient neighbors (and the Elamite king who temporarily ruled Mesopotamia in the book of Genesis) and short inscriptions found in some Persian sites (Susa for example was an Elamite town before the Persians came along). This has significance because Elam lay mostly in what is modern Iran, the wellspring of Zervanism and Zoroastrianism.

[reprised from another FR topic, I just don't know which one]

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