[berned]

Missals had Latin on one side of the opened Missal and the vernacular trranslation on the other side of the opened Missal.

From the 8th century to the 19th century, what percentage (do you reckon) of the Roman Catholics in the world could read the written word in ANY language?

[Catholicguy]

They understood the vernacula language the priest spoke when he read the OT, Epistle and Gospel to them in their own language. They continued to undersatnd him when he spoke his sermon in the vernacular. They learned about the Catholic Doctrines via Sermons and their families - many, presumably, which spoke the vernacular language :)