The NT was written in Greek. Peter = “petros” = small stone or pebble.
Jesus used “petra” for rock, which means bedrock or enormous rock.
This is right in line with Peter’s own words in Peter 1 4-6, which I posted, and which describe him, and us, as small stones in the church while Jesus is the one cornerstone.
It also bears out the truth of all the Scriptures I listed, which specify that Jesus/God is the only Rock and foundation. Scripture does not contradict itself.
Christ spoke in Aramaic, not Greek.
Open question, since no originals remain.
In Sacred Scripture, Peter is always given preeminence when reference is made to the trio of Peter, James and John (eg., Mt. 17:1 - "AND after six days Jesus taketh unto him Peter and James, and John his brother, and bringeth them up into a high mountain apart", Mk. 14:33 - "And he taketh Peter and James and John with him; and he began to fear and to be heavy.")
Jesus preached from Peter's boat, told Peter, "Fear not: from henceforth thou shalt catch men", told Peter to walk on water, allowed to Peter act as Apostolic spokesman, and at the Lord's tomb, the Angel said: "But go, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth before you into Galilee; there you shall see him, as he told you."
The fact that God repeatedly distinguishes Peter in Sacred Scripture as unique from the other Apostles is further Scriptural evidence (in addition to Jesus' clear statement of intent recorded in Matthew 16:18) that He has chosen Peter to lead His Church.