Two quibbles/suggestions/cavils, blah blah:
(1) I am reading for the second time "the Last Superstition" by a fellow named Feser, who, in my opinion, was the love child of Ann Coulter and Thomas Aquinas.
I mention this to say that while there is some real slogging in it, most of it is very amusingly written. The reason I recommend it is that it is a brief and I think quite well done introduction to scholastic theology-- well really to the philosophy which informs the theology.
And the reason that's a good thing (in my view) is that it would help, maybe, to put to rest some of the questions about eternity, and, by implication, about how we think of the once-for-all nature of Christ's atoning work.
I even read a popular theologian talking about Christ suffering "continually," and blenched. But it IS hard to talk and think about timelessness.
(2)I want to hit the distinction between develop and evolve that Mrs. Don-o mentioned. And, in that connection, to say that the MAJOR work (IMHO) on setting out the role of "priest" (In the Catholic sense) was done very promptly. Christian worship was being called a sacrifice fairly soon, usually a sacrifice of thanksgiving - which some say has a reference to an offering called the "todah", a thank offering of bread and wine, which became important in the time of David and Solomon.
And people were saying that "REAL" Christian worship was that done with the bishop or with somebody appointed by him, certainly by 150AD.
So, I would say, IF it's a 'change', the biggest part of the 'change happened very quickly, and most of what has happened since has been tidying up, both administratively and theologically.
I meant to ping you to this but I got shy.
The Jews distinguished between offering blessings (which they do in synagogues) and sacrificial offerings which could be made only by an Aaronite priest in the one and only Temple. Giving thanks can be made by any elder member of the congregation, but not the sacrifice.
My OT Hebrew dicitonary doesn't have "todah"' but Catholic sites do in abundance. Isn't that amazing? Also Judaism 101 doesn't seem to know that word either.
Finally, if you are referring to St. Justin Martyr with your reference to "150 AD" he makes reference to a "president" of the congregation, not a priest, who gives thanks "to the best of his ability."
Anyone present at a Jewish Passover Seder would immediately recognize that the "president" was not a priest but the elder. Justin Mary also makes no mention of any sacrifice but only of thanksgiving (eucharistia).