They were not in the Kingdom and He did not drink it from a cup with them
The fourth cup was "the Cup of the Kingdom", so whenever He drank it was the announcement of the Kingdom. There's also some question as to which "kingdom" is being announced. And, since the modern-day Eucharist IS a sharing/representing of that sacrifice He would be drinking it "with us".
What explanation do have for Jesus skipping the fourth cup of the Seder? This was essentially the consummating act of the Seder - is the passover not complete without it?
BTW - I'm not aware that this is some "official" Catholic teaching - I'm on my own here.
Also, on your earlier point... how does it reconcile with "He was raised for our justification"?
Just because it isn't mentioned doesn't mean it was skipped.
What "prophesy" do you see that fulfilling?
Well if that's the case then maybe the lavender mafia isn't so far off. (Lk 1:35)