Replies

August 1998 Pakistan

Special Weapons News

Clinton Will ask Congress to Repeal Sanctions on Pakistan ASSOCIATED PRESS OF PAKISTAN NEWS SUMMARY (20-08-1998) ): President Clinton is going to ask the Congress to repeal all such laws, including Symington and Pressler Amendments, that impose sanctions on Pakistan.

Pakistan in dire need of 'concessions' from US on CTBT, Kashmir issues By Nayyar Zaidi The News International Pakistan 17 August 1998 - A variety of serious political developments in both Pakistan and India have cast a long shadow on the forthcoming Pakistan-US-India talks. "Any optimism that might have prevailed about the positive outcome of these talks has evaporated with the most recent violent events and political developments in Karachi and the Vajpayee's severe health problems," an observer added.

Shamshad-Talbott meeting: US to take 'some hard decisions' after talks By Shaheen Sehbai Dawn 16 August 1998 -- The United States believes that the next round of Pakistan-US talks between Strobe Talbott and Secretary Shamshad Ahmed, to be held in London, would be final and decisive and Washington would then take "some very hard decisions."

This was stated by a senior White House official at a rare briefing for Pakistani community leaders and Pakistani journalists at the National Security Council headquarters in the White House on Aug 13.

Pakistan has no aggressive designs, nuclear capability guarantee for national defence ASSOCIATED PRESS OF PAKISTAN NEWS SUMMARY (15-08-1998)

Pakistan-India talks prospects dim, says envoy By Shaheen Sehbai Dawn 14 August 1998 The prospects of bilateral talks between India and Pakistan are "very very dim", Pakistan Ambassador to Washington, Riaz Khokhar said on Wednesday.

PRESIDENT CLINTON TELLS LAWMAKERS OF EFFORTS TO RESOLVE F-16 ISSUE Embassy of Pakistan News 14 August 1998 -- President Clinton has assured his administration's efforts to reimburse Pakistan for the 28 F-16 aircraft Pakistan paid for but has never received.

No bail-out without deal on CTBT By Shaheen Sehbai Dawn 13 August 1998 -- The United States has clearly indicated to Islamabad that any package to bail out Pakistan, either by the IMF, Islamic Bank or the Paris Club, was linked to progress in the on-going talks on Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

India sees positive change in Pakistani attitude The Times of India 12 August 1998 - India has ``perceived a positive change'' in the Pakistani attitude towards the normalisation of bilateral relations. ``In fact, in the last few days, there have been hints from Pakistan that the two countries could even go for fixing the date of the next round of foreign secretary-level talks before Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif meet on the sidelines of the forthcoming non-aligned summit at Durban later this month.''

Pakistan's last gamble Prem Shankar Jha The Hindustan Times 11 August 1998 -- Contrary to what Mr Vajpayee said in Parliament, Pakistan did not overplay the Kashmir card in Colombo, and get its knuckles rapped. Colombo was only the first stage of a last, desperate, gamble to wrest Kashmir from India, by literally blackmailing the world into imposing a solution to the Kashmir dispute on India. Both the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Pakistan have now issued the threat of war, and what is more, nuclear war, to India.

Shaheen missile can be test-fired any time The News International Pakistan 09 August 1998 - Pakistan can test-fire 750-km range Shaheen missile any time, according to top Pakistani nuclear scientist Dr Samar Mubarakmand, Director (Technical) of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). Pakistan was about to test-fire Shaheen -- which has a range of 750 km with a payload of 1,000 kg -- in May this year, but the test was postponed because of political reasons. Work on long range Shaheen-II is at advanced stage, though sources have avoided to disclose the range and payload of this missile.

PM calls for unity on nuclear issue The News International Pakistan 07 August 1998 - Offering an olive branch to his political foes, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif called upon politicians of all shades to foster unity to frustrate attempts being made to punish Pakistan for demonstrating its nuclear capability.

Sartaj replaces Gohar as foreign minister The News International Pakistan 07 August 1998 - In the first phase of cabinet reshuffle, Senator Sartaj Aziz has replaced Gohar Ayub Khan as Foreign Minister, while Dr Hafiz Pasha has been appointed Adviser to the Prime Minister for Finance.

N-tests corrected power imbalance The News International Pakistan 06 August 1998 - The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff (CoAS), General Jehangir Karamat, has said that "had we not reacted to correct the nuclear imbalance our security would have been jeopardised."

Solarz lobbying for Indian N-programme The News International Pakistan 05 August 1998 - Former US Congressman Stephen Solarz has become an Indian lobbyist, urging the American administration to recognise India as the newest member of the world's nuclear club instead of punishing it with sanctions.

How objective are U.S. lobbyists? By Sridhar Krishnaswami The Hindu 05-08-1998 :: Pg: 14 :: The spotlight is on the former Congressman, Mr. Stephen Solarz, and his lobbying firm, APCO Associates, which has since been retained by the Indian Embassy here and on the kind of advice the former law maker had to give the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on May 13, 1998, after the Indian nuclear tests.
Pak. should sign CTBT, says ex-Foreign Minister By Amit Baruah The Hindu: 05-08-1998 :: Pg: 14 :: Sardar Assef Ahmed Ali, former Pakistan Foreign Minister, has said that Islamabad should sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) if sanctions were lifted. He was addressing a seminar organised by the Coalition for Nuclear Non-Proliferation in Pakistan (CNNP), a newly-formed group.
U-S / KASHMIR Voice of America 03 August 1998 THE UNITED STATES IS OFFERING TO MEDIATE TALKS BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN ON THE DISPUTED REGION OF KASHMIR.

U.S. Department of State Daily Briefing , AUGUST 3, 1998 QUESTION: Our sources are speculating to us that Pakistan is being driven to irrational actions because of its economy suffering from our sanctions. Congress is considering a 12-month waiver on our sanctions. Do you foresee any way that that process could be speeded up in order to take some of the pressure off?

Pakistan may not quit SAARC The Hindustan Times 02 August 1998 - A striking feature of the just concluded 10th SAARC summit in Colombo was Pakistan's determined bid to get the assembled heads of government to formally and collectively discuss the pressing question of South Asian security.

Indian fighter planes intrude into AJK The News 02 August 1998 - PAF fighters come into action; 13 more killed by Indian firing across LoC; emergency declared in hospitals; death toll touches 46 in two days; Azad Kashmir to observe protest day on 3rd; GOC visits forward areas
Pak proposals on Kashmir 'neurotic': Indian official The News 02 August 1998 - India rejected Pakistani proposals to solve their long-running Kashmir dispute because they were "neurotic" and "based on fantasies", a top Indian bureaucrat was quoted as saying Saturday.

INDIA / PAK / FIRING Voice of America 02 August 1998 -- INDIA AND PAKISTAN TRADED ARTILLERY FIRE ACROSS THE DISPUTED KASHMIR BORDER FOR THE FOURTH STRAIGHT DAY, SUNDAY.

PAK INDIA KASHMIR Voice of America 01 August 1998 -- PAKISTAN HAS ACCUSED INDIA OF SABOTAGING EFFORTS TO RESTART A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES, BY INTENSIFYING MILITARY EXCHANGES ON THE DISPUTED KASHMIR BORDER. TENSIONS ARE HIGH AFTER FOUR DAYS OF FIGHTING WHICH LEFT AS MANY AS 65 PEOPLE DEAD AND DOZENS MORE INJURED.

India follows pattern of sabotaging talks The News 01 August 1998 - The Indian army's unprovoked firing across the Line of Control strengthens fears that the Hindu nationalist BJP government has started unfolding its agenda on Kashmir. The intensity and volume of LoC violations speak of unprecedented new element of "rules of engagement."

India-Pakistan negotiations fail By Hasan Akhtar Dawn 01 August 1998 -- Talks between India and Pakistan aimed at easing bilateral tensions have failed to break the ice. Spokesman Tariq Altaf briefing newsmen here on Friday said their attempt to resume the stalled talks had failed as India continued to maintain its hardline stand on Kashmir.

Indian shelling death toll rises to 34 By Tariq Naqash Dawn 01 August 1998 -- The Indian aggression on the border areas of Azad Kashmir has left at least 34 civilians dead and more than 71, including 13 Pakistani soldiers, injured. The shelling continued the whole day long, causing at least 13 deaths and 25 casualties.

ASSOCIATED PRESS OF PAKISTAN NEWS SUMMARY (01-08-1998) Nawaz terms outcome of his talks with Indian counterpart as "Zero" - Indian rigidity blamed for stalemate in resumption of Indo-Pak talks

RADIO PAKISTAN HOME BROADCASTS 01-08-1998 -- In occupied Kashmir, Indian troops in their continued reign of repression brutally tortured forty people in Thanamandi area of Rajouri district. According to reports the occupation forces destroyed a number of houses and harassed women folk in the area. The troops attacked a caravan of shepherds in Kishtwar area killing three of them. Dozens of cattle were also killed. A Pakistan Foreign Ministry spokesman has said that no progress could be achieved despite two rounds of talks between Foreign Secretaries of Pakistan and India in Colombo.

English News Headlines PAKISTAN TELEVISION CORPORATION 01-08-1998 -- THERE HAS BEEN NO PROGRESS AT THE SECRETARY-LEVEL TALKS BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN, IN COLOMBO. INDIA UNDERMINED THE LITTLE CHANCE OF SUCCESS THE TWO PRIME MINISTERS HOPE TO ACHIEVE IN COLOMBO BY RESORTING TO UNPROVOKED FIRING ALONG THE LINE OF CONTROL KILLING 26 INNOCENT CIVILIANS.

Syria Circumvents U.S. Attempts to Restrict Spread of Weapons Technology

Syria is believed to be acquiring Chinese missile technology through a circuitous route.

By Sue Lackey
Special to ABCNEWS.com

W A S H I N G T O N, Aug. 23 — Syria is circumventing U.S. restrictions to obtain missile technology that could make it a much wider threat throughout the Middle East, according to high-placed government and intelligence sources.
The missiles Syria is trying to build could strike targets throughout Israel and as far away as Ankara, Turkey, with chemical — and perhaps even nuclear — warheads.
Syria’s efforts could prove especially sensitive now, as Israel — under the new leadership of Prime Minister Ehud Barak — makes overtures to Syrian leader Hafez Assad toward restarting long-stalled peace talks.
From North Korea to Pakistan to …
Over the last decade, the Syrian government has attempted to upgrade its strategic defense system by acquiring the advanced M-9 medium-range ballistic missile directly from China. But under pressure from the Pentagon, the Chinese two years ago backed out of a deal to sell them the technology.
Now, say U.S. and Israeli intelligence sources, Syria is obtaining Chinese medium-range, mobile-launch missile technology through a circuitous route that involves Iran, Pakistan and North Korea.
“Some of the transfers have gone through Hong Kong, have gone through third-party ports like Kuala Lumpur, other places where the stuff can be moved, but not directly traced,” says Rep. Curt Weldon, R-Pa., a member of the House Armed Services Committee. Weldon participated in the Cox committee, which issued a report earlier this year that accused China of stealing U.S. nuclear and other secrets.
“Anyone who monitors our intelligence intercepts can see the daily reports of items that are about to be transferred to rogue states, and many of those transfers involve Syria. That means they now have tremendous leverage in any negotiation with Israel,” he adds.
The trail starts with Pakistan. China in 1992 sold 34 M-11 short-range ballistic missiles to Pakistan.
The Clinton administration imposed sanctions on China in August 1993, and lifted them in October 1994 after the State Department received assurances from China that it would no longer sell missiles.

China Keeps at it
But in December of 1994, intelligence intercepts from the National Security Agency — the main U.S. international monitoring arm — indicated a division of the government-owned China National Nuclear Corp. had completed a deal to provide 5,000 custom-made ring magnets, a key component in producing nuclear fuel, to Pakistan in violation of the Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act.
“We didn’t actually sanction [the Chinese] in that case,” says a proliferation expert with President Clinton’s National Security Council, “although we did suspend the activities of the Export-Import Bank in China, a much broader sanction than one particular Chinese entity. (The Export-Import Bank deferred loan approvals for American businessmen operating in China for 30 days in 1996).
“We decided that the activity that took place, which involved providing ring magnets to Pakistan, was something the company did but the Chinese government had not approved,” the expert said. “The Chinese have made certain commitments about what their policies are with respect to missile transfers, and we remain concerned that the Chinese export control system is not adequate to fulfill those commitments.”
Pakistan continued to acquire sophisticated M-9 missile components from China and the Nodong missile from North Korea, which utilizes Chinese-based technology, say U.S. and Israeli sources.
Iran, facing potential nuclear and chemical threats from both Iraq and Israel, also acquired Nodong missile technology from North Korea and M-9 technology from Pakistan, using it to develop its indigenous Shahab-class missiles, the most sophisticated of which may be able to reach Europe within a decade.

Final Link in Chain
Pakistan, which tested its first nuclear device in 1998, is capable of buying the missiles needed for delivery of nuclear payloads, but lacks the ability to produce them. With China under close watch since the U.S. espionage scandal broke, Pakistan turned to a loose alliance with Iran, and continued to purchase Chinese and North Korean technology supplied through third-party transfers, say senior U.S. intelligence sources.
“Pakistan has essentially no indigenous production capability;” says John Pike of the Federation of American Scientists. “North Korea has developed the [missile] program, Iran is attempting to finish it, and Pakistan is helping them pay for it.”
The Syrians, say the sources, then turned to Iran, which supplied its with assistance in developing its medium-range strategic missile system in an effort to contain Israel and its neighbor Turkey.
Syrian officials in Washington did not return repeated requests for comment.

Copyright ©1999 ABC News Internet Ventures.

HOOVER DIGEST
1999 No. 4

Bill Gertz

Missile Deception

U.S. intelligence learned as long ago as 1995 that China was selling nuclear technology to Pakistan—yet Washington did nothing. Bill Gertz explains how corporate interests waylaid the national interest.

Alarm bells went off at the headquarters of the supersecret National Security Agency on a cold December day in 1995. The NSA, located inside an army base at Fort Meade, Maryland, is the U.S. intelligence community’s ears around the world. It picks up millions of communications, from coded military radio transmissions to cellular-phone conversations by international weapons dealers.

This time, NSA listeners got the immediate attention of Vice Admiral J. Michael McConnell, who, as the agency’s director, was the nation’s premier electronic spymaster. The intercept that crossed his desk revealed that a year earlier, in December 1994, China completed a $70,000 deal to sell Pakistan five thousand custom-made “ring magnets” produced by an arm of the Chinese government’s China National Nuclear Corporation.

The intelligence report noted that the devices—ring-shaped, high-technology magnetic bearings—are key components in making fuel for nuclear weapons. The technology transfer remained secret until this reporter broke the story on the front page of the Washington Times in February 1996.

But the Clinton White House made sure that the State Department did not conclude China had violated the nuclear nonproliferation treaty or impose legally required economic sanctions. The administration’s policy was that sanctions against China should be avoided, that they would be bad for the international business that Commerce Secretary Ronald Brown was trying to drum up. “The lengths this administration went to to ignore great dangers to U.S. national security in the name of promoting business were unprecedented,” said a former military officer who worked in the White House and declined to be named.

On May 29, 1998—about two and a half years after U.S. intelligence flagged the China deal with Pakistan—the ground shook in a remote region of southwestern Pakistan as that nation conducted an underground nuclear test. It was the beginning of a new arms race in Southwest Asia.

Back in December 1995, NSA had sent a top-secret cable under Admiral McConnell’s title to the head of the CIA’s Non-Proliferation Center and to senior officials at the Pentagon, White House, and State Department, notifying them of China’s shipment of ring magnets to Pakistan. The intelligence report created a furor within the Clinton administration over whether China had helped Pakistan make fuel for its nuclear weapons arsenal, estimated at ten to fifteen unassembled nuclear devices. At the State Department, Robert Einhorn, deputy assistant secretary for political-military affairs, quickly recognized the problem. He had been assigned the task of looking into the application of complex laws enacted by Congress to put teeth into policies designed to halt the spread of weapons of mass destruction.

Made of a special alloy called samarium-cobalt, ring magnets must be precision manufactured to withstand the high speeds of gas centrifuges that are part of the process for making nuclear bomb fuel. China is the world leader in producing the components. The sale triggered a provision of a law on business loans that requires the secretary of state to notify the Export-Import Bank when any nation is caught helping another nation develop nuclear weapons. Mr. Einhorn called the bank and told officials the intelligence reports meant that, under the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act, the bank could be required to hold up all new loan guarantees for projects sought by U.S. businesses in China. But the Commerce Department, headed by Mr. Brown, former Democratic National Committee chairman, soon was leading the charge to block economic sanctions against Beijing and Islamabad. The Clinton administration ignored the violations.

The United States had imposed sanctions against China in 1993 for selling M-11 missile components but lifted them the next year at the urging of Mr. Brown and C. Michael Armstrong, chairman of Los Angeles–based satellite maker Hughes Electronics. Mr. Armstrong had written a terse letter to President Clinton on October 29, 1993, first highlighting how he had done what the president requested by supporting his economic and trade policies and calls for looser export controls. “I am respectfully requesting your involvement to resolve the China sanctions,” Mr. Armstrong wrote, noting that he had spoken to a Chinese official who informed him Beijing was “positive” about the idea.

China continues to be one of the most significant suppliers of weapons of mass destruction technologies to foreign countries.

But when then-secretary of state Warren Christopher told the Chinese that the United States needed to see “some sign of movement” by China on curbing weapons proliferation, a National Security Council memorandum reported that “the Chinese were not forthcoming.” The memo said Mr. Armstrong and Hughes Electronics “lobbied aggressively” to be allowed to sell satellites to China.

In 1995, the president named Mr. Armstrong to the influential Export Council, where he fought trade controls designed to protect national security. The council produced a lengthy paper arguing against imposing sanctions on foreign trading partners that engaged in illicit weapons sales. Bernard Schwartz, chairman of Loral Space & Communications, also lobbied hard to ease restrictions on satellite sales to China. Mr. Schwartz denied that his large donations to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) were meant to influence Mr. Clinton’s policies on satellite exports.

A Senate investigation into illegal foreign political payments could not make a direct connection between them and Mr. Clinton’s conciliatory policies toward China. Both the White House and the Chinese government deny that Chinese cash influenced policies. But a Senate Governmental Affairs Committee report in 1998 concluded: “It is clear that illegal foreign contributions were made to the DNC and that these contributions were facilitated by individuals with extensive ties to the PRC [People’s Republic of China]. It is also clear that well before the 1996 elections, officials at the highest levels of the Chinese government approved of efforts to increase the PRC’s involvement in the U.S. political process.”

Two years before the ring magnets deal, in March 1992, China signed the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. The 1970 agreement recognized five nations—the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China—as the only nuclear powers and sought to prevent others from becoming nuclear powers. The treaty was extended indefinitely in 1995 in what the Clinton administration hailed as a major arms-control victory. The treaty forbids signatories from providing components of nuclear weapons to nonnuclear states.

The State Department’s Bureau of Political-Military Affairs was in a quandary. China had failed its first test as a signatory. Selling ring magnets to Pakistan undermined years of work to keep such states from building nuclear bombs. In January 1996, the State Department quietly approached the China National Nuclear Corporation about the sale it learned of in December. The Chinese said there was “no information” about it. They lied. And the State Department and the White House’s National Security Council knew it. The intelligence was solid: NSA had the intercept detailing the transfer.

To this day, the Chinese and Pakistani governments deny the sale. But for $70,000, China gave a major boost to Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program. “The United States does have concerns about possible nuclear-related transfers between China and Pakistan,” State Department spokesman Glyn Davies said the day the Washington Times broke the story, refusing to comment directly on the transaction. He said the matter had been raised at senior levels of the Chinese and Pakistani governments. But the exact “concerns” and how they were raised did not become public. They were secret, and the Clinton administration was not pressured to explain, either by Congress or the news media.

Ten days later, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Shen Guofang denied the sale took place. “China, a responsible state, has never transferred equipment or technology for producing nuclear weapons to any other country, nor will China do so in the future,” he told reporters in Beijing. He warned that U.S. economic sanctions against China would cause “serious harm” to relations. “China hopes the U.S. side will not use rumors as the basis for making decisions,” he said.

Rumors? The rumors were hard intelligence reports, most classified at the top-secret level and above. The CIA, however, did produce an unclassified report to Congress covering the period from July to December 1996. “During the last half of 1996, China was the most significant supplier of weapons of mass-destruction goods and technology to foreign countries,” the report said. “The Chinese provided a tremendous variety of assistance to both Iran’s and Pakistan’s ballistic-missile programs. China also was the primary source of nuclear-related equipment and technology to Pakistan and a key supplier to Iran during this reporting period.”

In a move aimed at keeping the ring magnets dispute quiet, Mr. Christopher wrote to the Export-Import Bank in February 1996, asking it to defer loan approvals for American businessmen operating in China. The cutoff would have been worth about $10 billion in new loans if it had been kept in place. But the measure lasted only thirty days and did not affect already approved loans. The bank began considering new loans after the thirty days lapsed, without waiting for an official go-ahead from State. The president considered waiving the thirty-day sanctions but backed off after Congress protested.

Several U.S. corporations, including Boeing and Honeywell, lobbied against sanctions. To many in the business community, nuclear weapons transfers should not be allowed to disrupt the flow of trade. National security interests, Mr. Brown asserted, should not be a higher priority than trade. “I happen to think the best chance for us to have an impact in those other areas is through being engaged with China,” he said. Mr. Christopher broached the ring magnets sale in his April 19 meeting with Chinese foreign minister Qian Qichen, a hard-line Communist and vehement critic of the United States. Mr. Qian lied: China had not violated the treaty and therefore had no reason to commit itself to refraining from such exports.

The Christopher-Qian meeting revealed the administration’s plan: If China would just pledge not to transfer more nuclear weapons technology, the United States would agree not to impose the sanctions required by law. After months of secret U.S.-Chinese talks, State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns issued a carefully worded statement May 10, 1996, saying the secretary of state had cleared China of any culpability. “Of particular significance, the Chinese assured us that China will not provide assistance to unsafeguarded nuclear facilities, and the Chinese will now confirm this in a public statement,” Mr. Burns said.

Unsafeguarded facilities are nuclear plants and support facilities that are not subject to inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency, which monitors nuclear facilities around the world under the treaty. “In addition,” Mr. Burns declared, “senior Chinese officials have informed us that the government of China was unaware of any transfers of ring magnets by a Chinese entity, and they have confirmed our understanding that China’s policy of not assisting unsafeguarded nuclear programs will preclude future transfers of ring magnets to unsafeguarded facilities.” There was “not a sufficient basis” to impose sanctions as required by the Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act of 1994.

China’s public announcement of the accord said only that “China will not provide assistance to unsafeguarded nuclear facilities.” The Clinton administration claimed this was a “significant public commitment.” The Chinese response was reported by the Xinhua News Agency, the communist government’s official organ. “As a state party to the treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, China strictly observes its obligations under the treaty, and is against the proliferation of nuclear weapons,” Xinhua quoted an unnamed Foreign Ministry spokesman as saying. “China pursues the policy of not endorsing, encouraging, or engaging in the proliferation of nuclear weapons or assisting other countries in developing such weapons.” No mention was made of ring magnets, and no promises were offered on future sales. The Chinese “assurance” fell short of the written guarantee sought by U.S. officials.

The limitations of the U.S.-China understanding were highlighted by the fact that the U.S. statement was issued not in Warren Christopher’s name but in that of his spokesman. The failure to sanction Beijing undermined the nuclear nonproliferation treaty and encouraged China and other nations to disregard their obligations under it, said Representative Floyd Spence, South Carolina Republican and chairman of the House National Security Committee. “It is a further example of the administration looking the other way when the Chinese openly violated international law,” Representative Spence said. But it was a lawmaker from Mr. Clinton’s own party who had some of the strongest words. “It is outrageous that the administration has now freed the Export-Import Bank to use taxpayer funds for loans to assist the China National Nuclear Corporation—the very company that sold the ring magnets to Pakistan,” said Representative Nancy Pelosi, California Democrat. “When all is said and done,” she added, “the Chinese proliferated nuclear weapons technology and got away with it, and Pakistan received essential nuclear weapons technology and was rewarded.”