Posted on 06/30/2002 5:51:46 AM PDT by csvset
Dog meat hot among Korea and China's trendy young
Animal-rights activists say it is a food fad fuelled in part by a desire to rebel against Western criticism
By Ng Hui Hui
CANINE cuisine is becoming a fad among the young in South Korea and China, much to the dismay of animal-rights activists.
The cruelty in the handling of dogs during their slaughter has raised the ire of animal-rights activists. Strung by their necks, the dogs are beaten to death. |
Restaurant owners and dog-meat watchers confirm that youngsters are now taking dog meat as part of their regular diet - much like beef or chicken - as food joints dish out trendy new recipes to whet appetites.
According to one estimate, 92 per cent of men and 68 per cent of women above 20 in South Korea have tasted dog meat recently.
In China, dog breeders are saying that in a few years, there will be as many Saint Bernard dogs on the mainland as cows and sheep.(?)
Although past data on dog-meat consumption is not available, those concerned say the numbers would have been low earlier - since dog meat was considered a type of tonic for the older generation, eaten to increase libido and treat illnesses.
Catering to the fad, on sale now are hotdogs with real dog meat, dog cookies and sandwiches and even dog noodles as restaurants come up with fast-food variations.
Traditional recipes such as kimchi, a spicy fermented vegetable dish, are being given a make- over and are now prepared with dog meat extracts.
Dog meat chefs hope to add more varieties soon.
South Korean nutritionist Ahn Young Geun, who wrote a book titled Koreans and Dogmeat, has come up with more than 350 new recipes.
The professor, who is often referred to as Dr Dogmeat, believes dog-meat consumption should be increased because it offers three times more calcium than other types of meat.
Besides the nutritional value, nationalistic pride seems to be playing a part, said Ms Kyenan Kum, founder of the animal-rights group International Aid for Korean Animals.
About 2.6 million dogs are killed yearly for food in South Korea, Mr Louis Ng, president of Singapore-based Animal Concerns Research and Education Society (Acres), told The Sunday Times.
This is a 30 per cent increase over the 1993 figures.
'Eating dog meat is a show of defiance, especially among rebellious young people. They feel that the West has no right to criticise their culture,' he said.
Reflecting this sentiment, a group of students from Seoul University set up a website recently to promote the virtues of dog meat and secured 11,000 signatures in support of its campaign.
But it is the cruelty in the handling of dogs - man's best friend in the West - that is raising hackles among animal-rights activists.
Dogs are usually strung up by their necks and beaten repeatedly to increase the flow of adrenaline in their flesh. Consumers believe the more pain the animals suffer, the more tender the meat becomes.
The dogs would struggle, howl, urinate and bleed till they become unconscious. Finally, they are chopped into pieces. All these are done in front of other dogs awaiting the same fate.
Now, for the first time, an Asian grouping called Asia Link - made up of 14 animal welfare societies from 12 nations - has decided to join the protest and has sent a letter to the South Korean government urging a ban on dog meat.
Said Mr Ng of Acres, an Asia Link member: 'The Koreans say eating dog meat is part of their culture, but one cannot use culture to justify violence.'
Mounting criticisms made South Korea and China ban the trade for short periods in 1988 and 1999 respectively. But that has not kept South Koreans and Chinese from hankering for their dog burgers and dog noodles.
KOREAN CUISINE: Dog dishes
New dishes:
Thanks for telling it like it is!
If you were going to pretend you enforce the rules evenly, now would be the time to do something.
If you were going to pretend you enforce the rules evenly, now would be the time to do something.
You mean the part where you likened me to a cross between a Klansman and a tree-hugger?
Ohdearheavens how is that possible?
I feel sick.
"All cultures are legitimate, equal." "Diversity is our strength."
And what makes me even sicker, is that there are people here on this thread that see nothing wrong with this practice. I can't believe that anyone could condone such acts of cruelity, but alas, there are some right here that do...
I guess AJA sees nothing wrong with his little "joke" that he had on his profile page....
That's great. I know where they can find a few million Red Fire ants they can sprinkle on their genitalia to liven up their sex-capades.
We can ship them some Brown Recluse spiders, too.
That'll swell their organs to 10 times their normal size, before they desiccate and fall off.
I guess that would make me their 'desiccationer'. I kind of like the sound of that.
Your response to post #379 was a bit more indicative of someone who was espousing the view that anyone concerned about this was a "envirowacky animals rights" type person, as evidenced in post #380.
I find it interesting that now you claim you were simply pointing out that these people don't want to eat our dogs.
I must congratulate you, however. I don't doubt you've found the pretext the hypocritical frauds with their fingers on the ban buttons will use.
You're the one that summoned the moderator. I myself would have walked away, but you couldn't leave things as they were. I have no interest in seeing you banned, nor have I hit the "Abuse" button on you. I simply don't like being portrayed as a cross between a "klansman and a tree-hugger", and I told you so in so many words.
Actually every part of a tiger is useful, even tiger dung is a great repellant, police dogs, military dogs, leopard, bear, you name it. None of them dare to come close when they smell it. Drug traffickers love it when they manage to cross the border.
As for manhood, you don't have to use tiger penis. Donkey and buffalo work just as well and plus they are legal. Donkey penis is served in slice, which is called "gold coin meat" because an ancient Chinese coin had a hole in the center. Buffalo penis is called "ox whip" because of the magnitude of its length.
The ants should be fried and served with rice noodles. The nature of ants is "male or positive" in Chinese medicine while donkey skin or toad nipples have a "female or negative" nature.
Let me guess, they "harvest" these "delicacies" while the animal is still alive?
As they say, you are what you eat... LOL
No. The only thing I know to harvest alive is antler, but that doesn't kill the deer. I don't know if the deer can feel any pain. But at least it can get used to it because the harvest takes place every year and the deer looks pretty happy.
No wonder they're always looking for ways to "increase their prowess and potency".. :)
From Animal Stress Results in Meat Causing Disease
Stress, fear and pain when animals are being slaughtered or waiting to be slaughtered results in several disease processes in the humans which eat the meat. Most notable are cardiac problems, impotency and general fatigue. These adverse effects are most directly associated with consumption of dog meat.
Experiments including laboratory dogs slaughtered in stressful conditions result in impotence of rats fed with the dog's meat. These results correlate with studies of humans in St. Georges, Utah.
Studies made of domestic farm animals (cattle, pigs and poultry), and of laboratory animals (dogs and rats) show in all cases elevated levels of steroid hormones, generally associated with adrenocortical secretions. Primary substances include adrenalin, cortisone-like secretions, and steroids which stimulate fear pheromone production. All of these are known to result in poor health and poor vitality. This study confirms this link in food consumed by humans.
Laboratory dogs in particular are implicated in increased adverse effects of fear during slaughter. A group of laboratory rats which were fed the dogs' meat ceased to reproduce after a period as short as two weeks. The male rats in particular ceased to be attracted to female rats in estrus, and there was a small reduction in physical size of the sexual organs.
A control group of rats, fed on dogs' meat where the dogs were slaughtered without realizing fear maintained a healthy reproduction rate nearly consistent with that expected from a prescribed laboratory diet.
These substances, remain in the meat and are transmitted to the humans. Humans are particularly susceptible to their effects. This is thought to be genetic, in that humans evolved from herbevoiric animals who supplemented their diet from incidental sources of meat. The human digestive tract is well-adapted to consumption of meat, but the higher metabolic functions are unable to handle meat as efficiently.
It is thought that the domestication of cattle is an adaptation to this limitation. Ancient humans would obtain a substantial amount of their meat supply from domestic animals, which were generally calm on slaughter until unconscious from loss of blood.
Modern slaughter techniques which cause fear in animals defeat this mechanism. This results in animals whose meat has unnaturally high amounts of hormones.
This is apparent in the United States, where it was noted that girls were entering puberty at abnormally early ages, and that teenage boys were starting to develop small breasts. It is also thought that approximately 50% of impotence not attributed to other causes (e.g., diabetes or use of antihypertensive drugs) is caused by the high hormone content in meat.
It was originally thought that this was the result of growth hormones being used in the meat, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has strict limits on the use of such hormones prior to slaughter. Since these levels are easily tested, farmers are reluctant to run the risk of using hormones prior to slaughter. It would therefore be expected that the impotency effects and abnormal teenage development patterns would decrease instead of increase.
Recent studies of 642 teenagers (289 girls and 353 boys) at Utah Freedom Hospital, in St. Georges, Utah, showed a continued marked increase in early onset of menses of girls (68% under age 10, as opposed to an historical rate of 32% under age 10), and increased incidence of breast development in teenage boys. (Fully 48% had breast development 200% beyond the norm, and 89% had a notable increase in breast development.)
It is difficult to quantitize the effects of such hormones on male impotency, partly because of a reluctance of patients to comment on such occurrence and partly because of a lack of a solid baseline. Nevertheless, it is noted that there is a continued increase in unexplained impotency, while there is a decrease in impotency from specific medical causes. This change in ratio far exceeds the changes which would result from improved health, because the particular diseases (e.g., diabetes) do not show a proportional decrease. Therefore, it is clear that there is a dramatic increase in impotency.
Fear in animals during slaughter causes dramatic reduction of vitality and sexual potency in humans who eat the meat. Fortunately, humans have evolved to mainly eat animals which can be slaughtered with a minimum of stress. Consumption of emotional animals such as dogs is limited to a few primative societies. Therefore it is unlikely that dramatic reductions in health occurs as a result of slaughtering techniques.
The main exception is dog meat, which contains hormones which cause inpotency when the meat is eaten. Stress when the animal is slaughtered increases these hormones dramatically, but even without stress, dog meat causes some depression in reproductive activity.
This does not necessarily mean that the meat is per se unhealthy. There is a possibility that less sexual activity promotes health. While eating dog's meat would cause an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the decreased sexual appetite can reduce incidences of AIDS in those primitive societies which still eat dog meat.
While we do see a definite increase in harmful health effects, in the United States these effects are minimal and do not warrant a change in our habits of consumption of herbivor farm animals.
Alam, M.G.S., and H. Dobson (1986)</font size>
Effect of various veterinary procedures on plasma concentrations of cortisol, luteinizing hormone and prostaglandin E2 metabolite in the cow
Vet. Rec. 118:7Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, M. Field, M. Bracke, and R. G. Rodway (1995)</font size>
Assessment of distress experienced by witnessing slaughter in pigs
Proc. Br. Soc. Anim. Sci., paper 190Apple, J. K., M. E. Dikeman, J. E. Minton, R. M. McMurphy, M. R. Fedde, D. E. Leith, and J. A. Unrah (1995)</font size>
Effects of restraint and isolation stress and epidural blockade on endocrine and blood metabolite status, muscle glycogen depletion, and incidence of dark-cutting longissimus muscle in sheep
J. Anim. Sci. 73:2295Apple, J. K., J. E. Minton, K. M. Parsons, and J. A. Unrah (1993)</font size>
Influence of repeated restraint and isolation stress and electrolyte administration on pituitary-adrenal secretions, electrolytes and other blood constituents of sheep
J. Anim. Sci. 71:71Arave, C. W., J. L. Albright, and C. L. Sinclair (1974)</font size>
Behaviour, milk yield and leucocytes of dairy cows in reduced space and isolation
J. Dairy Sci. 59:1497Belyeev, D. K. (1979)</font size>
Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication
J. Hered. 70:301Belyaev, D. K, and P. M. Borodin (1982)</font size>
The influence of stress on variation and its role in evolution
Biol. Zentbl. 100:705Binstead, M. (1977)</font size>
Handling cattle
Queensland Agric. J. 103:293Boandle, K. E., J. E. Wohlt, and R. V. Carsia (1989)</font size>
Effect of handling, administration of a local anesthetic and electrical dehorning on plasma cortisol in Holstein calves
J. Dairy Sci. 72:2193Cockram, M. S., and K.T.T. Corley (1991)</font size>
Effect of preslaughter handling on the behavior and blood composition of beef cattle
Br. Vet. J. 147:444Coppinger, T. R., J. E. Minton, P. G. Reddy, and F. Blecha (1991)</font size>
Repeated restraint and isolation stress in lambs increases pituitary-adrenal secretions and reduces cell-mediated immunity
J. Anim. Sci. 69:2808Crookshank, H. R., M. H. Elissalde, R. G. White, D. C. Clanton, and H. E. Smalley (1979)</font size>
Effect of transportation and handling of calves upon blood serum composition Dantzer, R., and P. Mormede (1983)</font size>
J. Anim. Sci. 48:430Stress in farm animals: A need for re-evaluation
J. Anim. Sci. 57:6Davis, M. (1992)</font size>
The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety
Annul Rev. Neurosci. 15:353Dunn, C. S. (1990)</font size>
Stress reactions of cattle undergoing ritual slaughter using two methods of restraint
Vet. Rec. 126:522Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1970)</font size>
Ethology: The Biology of Behavior
p 236. Holt Rhinehart and Winston, New YorkElrom, K. dr-elrom@newmail.net (2000)</font size>
Review: Handling and Transportation of Broilers Welfare, Stress, Fear and Meat Quality, Part IV: Handling of Broilers Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 55(4) 2000, The Technion - Haifa, Israel. Ewbank, R., M. J. Parker, and C. W. Mason (1992)</font size>
Reactions of cattle to head restraint at stunning: A practical dilemma
Anim. Welfare 1:55Fell, L. R., and D. A. Shutt (1986)</font size>
Adrenal response of calves to transport stress as measured by salivary cortisol
Canad. J. Anim. Sci. 66:637Fordyce, G. (1987)</font size>
Weaner training
Queensland Agric. J. 113:323Fordyce, G., R. M. Dodt, and J. R. Wythes (1988)</font size>
Cattle temperaments in extensive herds in northern Queensland
Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 28:683Fordyce, G., M. E. Goddard, R. Tyler, C. Williams, and M. A. Toleman (1985)</font size>
Temperament and bruising in Bos indicus cattle
Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 25:283Fujita, O., Y. Annen, and A. Kitaoka (1994)</font size>
Tsukuba Highland low emotional strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus): An overview
Behav. Gen. 24:389Gloor, P., A. Olivier, and L. F. Quesney (1981)</font size>
The role of the amygdala in the expression of psychic phenomena in temporal lobe seizures
In: Y. Ben Avi (Ed.) The Amygdaloid Complex. Elsevier, New YorkGrandin, T. (1997)</font size>
Lowering Stress to Improve Meat Quality (Web article)
Grandin, T. (1997)</font size>
Detailed Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport Journal of Animal Science (1997) volume 75: 249-257. T. Grandin Department of Animal Sciences Colorado. Main Website for Grandin's ArticlesTemple Grandin had written extensively on this subject (over 300 articles) and has designed systems presently used for more than 50% of U.S. slaughter facilities.
It should be noted that Dr. Grandin is in no way associated with Dr. Putzkoff's work. It is, however, noted that a number of people visit this webpage (Dr. Putzkoff) for research into Animal Psychology or humane practises. In either case, a study of Dr. Grandin's work is basic. Prior to Dr. Grandin's work the study of animal psychology was not even considered to be part of animal science. She has advanced the state of the art immeasurably.Grandin, T. (1980)</font size>
Observations of cattle behavior applied to the design of cattle handling facilities
Appl. Anim. Ethol. 6:19Grandin, T. (1989)</font size>
Voluntary acceptance of restraint by sheep
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 23:257Grandin, T. (1992)</font size>
Behavioral agitation during handling is persistent over time
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36:1Grandin, T. (1993a)</font size>
Handling facilities and restraint of range cattle
In: T. Grandin (Ed.) Livestock Handling and Transport. p 43. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.Grandin, T. (1993b)</font size>
Handling and welfare of livestock in slaughter plants
In: T. Grandin (Ed.) Livestock Handling and Transport. p 289. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.Grandin, T., S. E. Curtis, T. M. Widowski, and J. C. Thurmon (1986)</font size>
Electro-immobilization versus mechanical restraint in an avoid-avoid choice test for ewes
J. Anim. Sci. 62:1469Grandin, T., M. J. Deesing, J. J. Struthers, and A. M. Swinker (1995a)</font size>
Cattle with hair whorl patterns above the eyes are more behaviorally agitated during restraint
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 46:117Grandin, T., M. B. Rooney, M. Phillips, R. C. Cambre, N. A. Irlbeck, and W. Graffam (1995b)</font size>
Conditioning of nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) to blood sampling in a crate with positive reinforcement
Zoo Biol. 14:261Grandin, T., K G. Odde, D. N. Schutz, and L. M. Beherns (1994)</font size>
The reluctance of cattle to change a learned choice may confound preference tests
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 39:21Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson (1990a)</font size>
Some effects of repeated handling on stress responses in sheep
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:253Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson (1990b)</font size>
The effect of gentling on heart rate, flight distance, and aversion of sheep to a handling procedure
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:243Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson (1990c)</font size>
The stress response in sheep during routine handling procedures
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:83Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson (1990d)</font size>
Changes in heart rate, plasma cortisol and haematocrit of sheep during a shearing procedure
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:91Hastings, B. E., D. E. Abbott, and L. M. George(1992)</font size>
Stress factors influencing plasma cortisol levels and adrenal weights in Chinese water deer(Hydropotes inermis)
Res. in Vet. Sci. 53: 375Hearnshaw, H., R. Barlow, and G. Want (1979)</font size>
Development of a 'temperament' or handling difficulty score for cattle
Proc. Aust. Assoc. Anim. Breed. and Genet. 1:164Henricks, D. M., J. W. Cooper, J. C. Spitzer, and L. W. Grimes (1984)</font size>
Gender differences in plasma cortisol and growth in the bovine
J. Anim. Sci. 59:376Hornbuckle, P. A., and T. Beall (1974)</font size>
Escape reactions to the blood of selected mammals by rats
Behav. Biol. 12:573Hutson, G. D. (1985)</font size>
The influence of barley food rewards on sheep movement through a handling system
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 14:263Hutson, G. D. (1993)</font size>
Behavioral principles of sheep handling
In: T. Grandin (Ed.) Livestock Handling and Transport. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, U.KKemble, E. D., D. C. Blanchard, R. J. Blanchard, and R. Takushi (1984)</font size>
Taming in wild rates following medial amygdaloid lesions
Physiol. Behav. 32:131Kenny, F. J., and P. V. Tarrant (1987)</font size>
The physiological and behavioral responses of crossbred steers to short haul transport by road
Livest. Prod. Sci. 17:63Kilgour, R., and H. de Langen (1970)</font size>
Stress in sheep resulting from management practices
Proc. N. Z. Soc. of Anim. Prod. 30:65Knowles, T. G. (1995)</font size>
The effects of transport in slaughter weight lambs
Br. Soc. Anim. Sci., Winter Meeting (Summary), Paper 43Lanier, E. K, T. H. Friend, D. M. Bushong, D. A. Knabe, T. H. Champney, and D. G. Lay, Jr. (1995)</font size>
Swim habituation as a model for eustress and distress in the pig
J. Anim. Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):126 (Abstract)Lay, D. C., Jr., T. H. Friend, C. L. Bowers, K. K Grissom, and O. C. Jenkins (1992a)</font size>
A comparative physiological and behavioral study of freeze and hot-iron branding using dairy cows
J. Anim. Sci. 70:1121Lay, D. C., Jr., T. H. Friend, R. D. Randel, C. L. Bowers, K K Grissom, and O. C. Jenkins (1992b)</font size>
Behavioral and physiological effects of freeze and hot-iron branding on crossbred cattle
J. Anim. Sci. 70:330LeDoux, J. E. (1994)</font size>
Emotion, memory and the brain
Sci. Am. 271: 50Le Neindre, P., G. Trillet, J. Sapa, F. Menissier, J. N. Bonnet, and J. M. Chupin (1995)</font size>
Individual differences in docility of Limousin cattle
J. Anim. Sci. 73:2249Mateo, J. M., D. Q. Estep, and J. S. McCann (1991)</font size>
Effects of differential handling on the behavior of domestic ewes
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 32:45Matheson, B. K., B. J. Branch, and A. N. Taylor (1971)</font size>
Effects of amygdaloid stimulation on pituitary adrenal activity in conscious cats
Brain Res. 32:151McGlone, J. J., J. L. Salak, E. A. Lumpkin, R. L. Nicholson, M. Gibson, and R. L. Norman (1993)</font size>
Shipping stress and social status effects on pig performance, plasma cortisol, natural killer cell activity and leukocyte numbers
J. Anim. Sci. 71:888Miller, N. E. (1960)</font size>
Learning resistance to pain and fear effects of overlearning, exposure, and rewarded exposure in context
J. Exp. Psychol. 60:137Miller, K N., and S. Twohill (1983)</font size>
A method for measuring systolic blood pressure in conscious swine (Sus scrofa)
Lab Anim. 12(6):51Mitchell, G., J. Hattingh, and M. Ganhao (1988)</font size>
Stress in cattle assessed after handling, transport and slaughter
Vet. Rec. 123: 201Moberg, G. P., and V. A. Wood (1982)</font size>
Effect of differential rearing on the behavioral and adrenocortical response of lambs to a novel environment
Appl. Anim. Ethol. 8:269Panepinto, L. M. (1983)</font size>
A comfortable minimum stress method of restraint for Yucatan miniature swine
Lab. Anim. Sci. 33:95Parsons, P. A. (1988)</font size>
Behavioral stress and variability
Behav. Gen. 18:293Pearson, A. J., R. Klgour, H. de Langen, and E. Payne (1977)</font size>
Hormonal responses of lambs to trucking, handling and electric stunning
N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 37:243Peischel, A., R. R. Schalles, and C. E. Owensby (1980)</font size>
Effect of stress on calves grazing Kansas Flint Hills range
J. Anim. Sci. 51(Suppl. 1):245 (Abstract)Pommier, S. A., and A. Houde (1993)</font size>
Effect of genotype for malignant hypothermia as determined by a restriction endonuclease assay on the quality characteristics of commercial pork loins
J. Anim. Sci. 71:420Popova, N. J., E. M. Nikulina, and A. V. Kulikov (1993)</font size>
Genetic analysis of different kinds of aggressive behavior
Behav. Gen. 23:491Price, E. O. (1984)</font size>
Behavioral aspects of domestication
Q. Rev. Biol. 59:1Ray, D. E., W. J. Hansen, B. Theurer, and G. H. Stott (1972)</font size>
Physical stress and corticoid levels in steers
Proc. West. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 23:255Redgate, E. S., and E. E. Fahringer (1973)</font size>
A comparison of pituitary adrenal activity elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic amygdaloid and hypothalamic sites in the rat brain
Neuroendocrinology 12:334Reid, R. I., and S. C. Mills (1962)</font size>
Studies of carbohydrate metabolism in sheep. XVI. The adrenal response to physiological stress
Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13:282Rushen, J. (1986a)</font size>
Aversion of sheep to electro-immobilization and physical restraint
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 15:315Rushen, J. (1986b)</font size>
Aversion of sheep for handling treatments: Paired-choice studies
Applied Animal Behavioural Science 16:363Rushen, J. (1996)</font size>
Using aversion learning techniques to assess the mental state, suffering, and welfare of farm animals
Journal of Animal Science 74:1990Rushen, J., and P. Congdon (1986a)</font size>
Relative aversion of sheep to simulated shearing with and without electro-immobilization
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26:535Rushen, J., and P. Congdon (1986b)</font size>
Sheep may be more averse to electro-immobilization than to shearing
Australian Veterinary Journal 63:373Setckleiv, J., O. E. Skaug, and B. R. Kaada (1961)</font size>
Increase in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids by cerebral cortical and amygdaloid stimulation in the cat
Journal of Endocrinology 22:119Spensley, J. C., C. M. Wathes, N. K Waran, and J. A. Lines. (1995)</font size>
Behavioral and physiological responses of piglets to naturally occurring sounds
Applied Animal Behavioural Science 44:277 (Abstract)Stahringer, R. C., R. D. Randel, and D. A. Neuenforff (1989)</font size>
Effect of nalexone on serum luteinizing hormone and cortisol concentration in seasonally anestrous Brahman heifers
Journal of Animal Science 67(Suppl.1):359 (Abstract)Stephens, D. B., and J. N. Toner (1975)</font size>
Husbandry influences on some physiological parameters of emotional responses in calves
Applied Animal Ethology 1:233Stermer, R., T. H. Camp, and D. G. Stevens (1981)</font size>
Feeder cattle stress during transportation
Paper No. 81-6001. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MOStevens, D. A., and N. J. Saplikoski (1973)</font size>
Rats reaction to conspecific muscle and blood evidence for alarm substances
Behavioural Biology 8:75Stevens, D. A., and D. A. Gerzog-Thomas (1977)</font size>
Fright reactions in rats to conspecific tissue
Physiology of Behaviour 18:47Stooky, J. M., T. Nickel, J. Hanson, and S. Vandenbosch (1994)</font size>
A movement-measuring-device for objectively measuring temperament in beef cattle and for use in determining factors that influence handling
Journal of Animal Science 72(Suppl.1):207 (Abstract)Stricklin, W. R., C. E. Heisler, and L. L. Wilson (1980)</font size>
Heritability of temperament in beef cattle
Journal of Animal Science (Suppl.1) 51:109 (Abstract)Tennessen, T., M. A. Price, and R. T. Berg (1984)</font size>
Comparative responses of bulls and steers to transportation
Canandian Journal of Animal Science 64:333Trunkfield, H. R., and D. M. Broom (1990)</font size>
Welfare of calves during handling and transport
Applied Animal Behavioural Science 28:135Tulloh, N. M. (1961)</font size>
Behavior of cattle in yards. II. A study of temperament
Animal Behaviour 9:25Tume, R. K., and F. D. Shaw (1992)</font size>
Beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations in plasma of blood samples collected during exsanguination of cattle
Meat Science 31:211Vieville-Thomas, C., and J. P. Signoret (1992)</font size>
Pheromonal transmission of an aversive experience in domestic pigs
Journal of Chemical Endocrinology 18:1551Warriss, P. D., S. N. Brown, and M. Adams (1994)</font size>
Relationships between subjective and objective assessments of stress at slaughter and meat quality in pigs
Meat Science 38:329White, R.G.,J.A. DeShazer, C.J. Tressler, G.M. Borcher, S. Davy, A. Waninge, A.M. Parkhurst, M.J. Milanuk, and E.T. Clemens (1995)</font size>
Vocalization and physiological response of pigs during castration with and without a local anesthetic
J. Anim. Sci. 73:381Whittlestone, W.G., R. Kilgour, H. de Langen, and G.Duirs (1970) </font size>
Behavioral stress and cell count of bovine milk
J. Milk Food Technol. 33:217Wienker, W.R. (1986)</font size>
Giraffe squeeze cage procedures
Zoo Biol. 5:371Zavy, M.T., P.E. Juniewicz, W.A. Phillips, and D.L. Von Tungeln (1992)</font size>
Effects of initial restraint, weaning, and transport stress on baseline and ACTH stimulated cortisol responses in beef calves of different genotypes
Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:551
Attempts were made to obtain satisfactory subjects from the Tufts Psychology Dept., but this met with limited success.
This article is provided by Jean Chemour, who translated it into HTML but did not participate in the research. Emails relayed to Jean Chemour and Dr. Putzkoff courtesy of Jean Chemour e-mail: bk269@scn.org, whose efforts in web maintenance are gratefully acknowleged as he would say. (Email relayed, so it may take a day or so.) Dr. Irwin H. Putzkoff does not have email, but you are cordially welcome to write to Jean.
If you are doing research, the references should actually be pretty much on point.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.