This sort of thing already exists, actually. You can switch your transponder to a certain combination of digits and it will notify ATC that something's up. (Transponders identify planes in the air with a four-digit code assigned by air traffic control (ATC).)
Unfortuantely, there's not a lot that can be done for an airliner in danger from an internal threat. The captain and crew are almost entirely on their own.
D