Posted on 05/11/2002 6:11:38 PM PDT by blam
Earth punctured by tiny cosmic missiles
By Robert Matthews, Science Correspondent
(Filed: 12/05/2002)
FORGET dangers from giant meteors: Earth is facing another threat from outer space. Scientists have come to the conclusion that two mysterious explosions in the 1990s were caused by bizarre cosmic missiles.
The two objects were picked up by earthquake detectors as they tore through Earth at up to 900,000 mph. According to scientists, the most plausible explanation is that they were "strangelets", clumps of matter that have so far defied detection but whose existence was posited 20 years ago.
Formed in the Big Bang and inside extremely dense stars, strangelets are thought to be made from quarks - the subatomic particles found inside protons and neutrons. Unlike ordinary matter, however, they also contain "strange quarks", particles normally only seen in high-energy accelerators.
Strangelets - sometimes also called strange-quark nuggets - are predicted to have many unusual properties, including a density about ten million million times greater than lead. Just a single pollen-size fragment is believed to weigh several tons.
They are thought to be extremely stable, travelling through the galaxy at speeds of about a million miles per hour. Until now, all attempts to detect them have failed. A team of American scientists believes, however, that it may have found the first hard evidence for the existence of strangelets, after scouring earthquake records for signs of their impact with Earth.
The team, from the Southern Methodist University in Texas, analysed more than a million earthquake reports, looking for the tell-tale signal of strangelets hitting Earth.
While their very high speed gives strangelets a huge amount of energy their tiny size suggests that any effects might be extremely localised, and there is unlikely to be a blast big enough to have widespread effects on the surface.
The scientists looked for events producing two sharp signals, one as it entered Earth, the other as it emerged again. They found two such events, both in 1993. The first was on the morning of October 22. Seismometers in Turkey and Bolivia recorded a violent event in Antarctica that packed the punch of several thousand tons of TNT. The disturbance then ripped through Earth on a route that ended with it exiting through the floor of the Indian Ocean off Sri Lanka just 26 seconds later - implying a speed of 900,000 mph.
The second event took place on November 24, when sensors in Australia and Bolivia picked up an explosion starting in the Pacific south of the Pitcairn Islands and travelling through Earth to appear in Antarctica 19 seconds later.
According to the scientists, both events are consistent with an impact with strangelets at cosmic speeds. In a report about to be submitted to the Seismological Society of America, the team of geologists and physicists concludes: "The only explanation for such events of which we are aware is passage through the earth of ton-sized strange-quark nuggets."
Professor Eugene Herrin, a member of the team, said that two strangelets just one-tenth the breadth of a hair would account for the observations. "These things are extremely dense and travel at 40 times the speed of sound straight through the Earth - they'd hardly slow down as they went through."
The good news is that, despite their force, the impact of strangelets on an inhabited area would, probably, be less violent than that of a meteor. Prof Herrin said: "It's very hard to determine what the effect would be. There would probably be a tiny crater but it would be virtually impossible to find anything."
Scientists say that the discovery of strangelets would be a significant breakthrough, solving several long-standing mysteries. These include the nature of "dark matter", which, astronomers say, makes up more than 90 per cent of our galaxy. With their high density and stability, strangelets may account for much of this invisible matter.
Prof Frank Close, a particle physicist at Oxford University, said that confirmation of the events was crucial. "The first step is to see if one can find more examples and eliminate all other interpretations," he said. "If you're looking for very exotic and rare events, you need to be able to tell if it's the real thing or just an artefact."
According to Prof Herrin, the two events agree with predictions for strangelet impacts, which are expected to occur about once a year. He added, however, that finding more would be difficult, as seismic databases now automatically remove all signals not linked to earthquakes. He said: "To find more events we need to get at the data before that happens."
Presumably that's testable (to a certain extent), even with only one event. Apparently there's something very specific about the profile of the seismic jolt. Jolts that have similar profiles undoubtedly happen around the world with some regularity, but there's something about it that agrees with what's expected from a strange nugget collision. (The article isn't very specific about that.)
The model of strange nugget formation should tell you how fast you typically expect them to be moving. That tells you roughly how far apart in time you expect the seismic jolts to be. (Call it an expectation value.)
Based on the frequency of single jolts, you can assign a probability to the chance of finding one event, over a given period of time, where two random jolts are closer together in time than your expectation value. If that probability is very small--the article fails to mention that probability--then you can at least point to the event as anomalous, and propose an explanation.
In order to call it evidence for strange nuggets, of course, more events are needed. Then you can measure the velocity distribution and see whether it agrees with the expected velocity distribution.
It depends on how much energy is actually transferred to the earth. A tiny object can zip through only using a bit of its energy, but enough to cause a localized earthquake. If, however, something managed to STOP the thing dead in its tracks, the resulting crater would probably be quite impressive!
Also, you have to be careful when nuclear scientists talk about 'massive' particles. To them, that might mean it weighs a millionth of a microgram. Massive... if you are used to talking about protons! In this case though, they are talking about things weighing in the neighborhood of a ton, so I think that qualifies even for us macroscopic types.
1) light
2) light of joy and happiness (fig.)
There are 4 instances of verses containing Strong's number 0219. Here they are!
2 Kings 4:39 And one [0259] went out [03318] (8799) into the field [07704] to gather [03950] (8763) herbs [0219], and found [04672] (8799) a wild [07704] vine [01612], and gathered [03950] (8762) thereof wild [07704] gourds [06498] his lap [0899] full [04393], and came [0935] (8799) and shred [06398] (8762) [them] into the pot [05518] of pottage [05138]: for they knew [03045] (8804) [them] not.
Esther 8:16 The Jews [03064] had light [0219], and gladness [08057], and joy [08342], and honour [03366].
Psalm 139:12 Yea, the darkness [02822] hideth [02821] (8686) not from thee; but the night [03915] shineth [0215] (8686) as the day [03117]: the darkness [02825] and the light [0219] [are] both alike [to thee].
Isaiah 26:19 Thy dead [04191] (8801) [men] shall live [02421] (8799), [together with] my dead body [05038] shall they arise [06965] (8799). Awake [06974] (8685) and sing [07442] (8761), ye that dwell [07931] (8802) in dust [06083]: for thy dew [02919] [is as] the dew [02919] of herbs [0219], and the earth [0776] shall cast out [05307] (8686) the dead [07496].
Light and Herbs, hmmm?
Torah is Light
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