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http://www.etherit.co.uk/month/2/24.htm

March 24th, 1945 (SATURDAY)

GERMANY: Montgomery’s crossing of the Rhine, meticulously prepared and impatiently awaited, is now under way, and in a message to his armies he says that they will soon be “chasing the enemy from pillar to post”. Over 100 miles to the south, Patton crossed the Rhine 24 hours ahead of Montgomery after boasting that he was not going to let the British field marshal “carry the ball”. he went across at Nierstein against light opposition and swept down on Darmstadt.

While Patton has captured the headlines, Montgomery’s operation, on a massive scale, has substantial strategic objectives; it is aimed at taking Allied forces in a deep thrust across the north German plain, while the US 9th Army seals off the Ruhr.

The assault force assembled behind a 20-mile long smokescreen. With 1,250,000 Britons, Canadians and Americans under him, Montgomery has more than 5,500 artillery pieces, anti-tanks guns and rockets. The British Second Army alone has 120,000 tons of ammunition, stores and other supplies above normal needs.

The British went across last night at Wesel; the town had been reduced to rubble by Allied bombing and shelling, but the Germans clung on for the best part of 24 hours. To the south, the US 9th crossed against patchy opposition. “There was no real fight,” a company commander said, “The artillery had done the job for us.” There were 31 American casualties.

This morning, in Operation Varsity, over 21,000 airborne infantry were dropped north-east of Wesel. They quickly overcame enemy resistance and linked up with the main force. Only on the extreme left wing, near Emmerich, is resistance really tough. “The enemy”, say the Canadians, “are fighting like madmen.” There are now three bridgeheads between Wesel in the north and Mainz in the south: Montgomery’s, Patton’s and the US First Army’s at Remagen. Operation Plunder under General Montgomery extends the bridgehead to a depth of 5 miles. The US 9th Army, now part of Montgomery’s 21st Army Group, begins to cross the Rhine south of the British and Canadians.
Starting at 1000 hours local, 2,029 IX Troop Carrier Command C-47s and gliders plus 839 RAF aircraft and gliders drop paratroopers and glider troops of the British 6th and U.S. 17th Airborne Divisions around Wesel.

Supporting this operation are:

- 1,714 Eighth Air Force B-17s and B-24s which bomb airfields in western and northwestern Germany. Escorting the bombers are 1,297 P-47s and P-51s.

- Almost 700 Ninth Air Force A-20s, A-26 and B-26s attack communications centers, rail bridges, flak positions and other targets. Ninth Air Force fighters and fighter-bombers fly 2,039 sorties in support of this operation.

150+ Fifteenth Air Force B-17s attack the Daimler-Benz tank-engine factory in Berlin.

GERMANY: Cpl Frederick George Topham (1917-74), Canadian Army, brought in a wounded man from the open, despite being shot himself. He later rescued three men from a crippled carrier. (Victoria Cross)

EASTERN FRONT: The Red Army is preparing with great deliberation for its last campaign, the attack on Berlin, in its long march to the west from the very gates of its own capital. Marshal Zhukov, having taken the fortress of Kustrin, the last obstacle on the road to Berlin, is now enlarging his bridgehead across the Oder to set the scene for the drama which is about to unfold.

German reports say that in a new advance with six infantry divisions and two tank brigades he has reached the road junction at Golzow, just 33 miles from greater Berlin. The advance is almost leisurely by Red Army standards, but it is inexorable. In Hungary yesterday Marshal Tolbukhin finished off Hitler’s ill-fated Operation Spring Awakening and is about to resume his march on Vienna.

In the north, Marshal Rokossovsky is tightening his grip on Danzig and Konigsberg as the Germans continue their feverish evacuation of East Prussia. It is the unfortunate General Schorner, rescued from command of the cut-off forces in Courland to take over Army Group A opposite Marshal Konev, who has felt the full weight of the Red Army in recent days. Konev has hit him hard near Oppeln in Silesia. Everything is now ready for Berlin.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 271 Fifteenth Air Force B-24s destroy the Neuberg jet-aircraft factory.

HUNGARY: Szekesfehervar falls to the Red Army, as the German counter-attack fails with heavy losses.

ITALY: A re-equipped and revitalized Allied army is braced for a major new campaign aimed at trapping the German army in the Po valley. Fears that Hitler is planning a fight to the death in a mountain redoubt have put pressure on Allied commanders to moce quickly.

Field Marshal Alexander, supreme Allied commander, Mediterranean, is planning for the Eighth Army to attack westwards through the Argenta Gap, with the US Fifth Army attacking northwards, west of Bologna. Alexander hopes to achieve the critical element of surprise by simulating preparations for seaborne landings north of the Po.

The Eighth Army’s low morale of December has been improved by the arrival of new weapons including flame-throwing tanks and 400 Fantails, tracked amphibious troops carriers, badly missed in the crossing of countless rivers in the previous advance.

The commanders have not been cheered by the loss of the Canadian Corps to north-west Europe; nor by the universal shortage of artillery ammunition which is restricting many batteries to five rounds daily for each gun.

CHINA: To support the upcoming invasion of Okinawa, a campaign against Japanese air bases is initiated with the intent of tying down Japanese aircraft in China.

BURMA:Lt-Gen Daniel I Sultan’s Sino-American force links up with British troops at Kyaukme.

JAPAN: XXI Bomber Command Mission 45: during the night of 24/25 March, 223 B-29s attack an aircraft-engine plant at Nagoya. Five B-29s are lost.
RYUKYU ISLANDS: The final preinvasion operations by Task Force 58 and Task Group 52.1 (the Support Carrier Group) are conducted. A strike force 112 USMC andUSNaircraft sink an entire eight-ship convoy 150 miles (241 km) northwest of Okinawa.

U.S.A.: The motion picture “The Clock” is released. Directed by Vincente Minnelli, this romantic drama stars Judy Garland, Robert Walker, James Gleason and Keenan Wynn.

We’ve focused quite a bit on our dislike of Montgomery, but enough of that. God bless the memory of all of the brave men who fought the battle of the Rhine, and the battles beyond the Rhine.

http://www.britisharmedforces.org/pages/nat_jim_corbett2.htm

Operation Varsity - The Rhine Jump - 24th March 1945.

With a collective shock to our system, we felt the Glider pilot release the nylon rope that had towed us all the way from England to a point a few thousand feet above the Rhine waterway in the heart of Nazi Germany. The engine noise from our tow-plane, a heavy Stirling Bomber, suddenly died away, and we were left with the noisy air rushing past the fuselage interspersed with the crack of intense ‘flak’ from the ground below. From our briefings, we knew that we had about four minutes flying time left…and all we could do was sit there and endure the rain of fire from the German gunners as they tried to shoot us out of the skies. It was 10a.m.on March 24th, 1945.

Everyone on board knew that World War II was drawing to its inevitable close, and we entered that hellish four minutes with our minds filled with just the one thought; would we survive this last, big battle and, in the fullness of time, be able to go home to our families and friends?

We banked left and right as the pilot tried to avoid the mass of fire-power streaming up from the ground. Corkscrewing all over the place, he struggled to control the heavy Horsa glider. His twenty-four passengers could only hold their breath and hang on to each other for dear life. My seat was alongside the exit-door, which I had opened as soon as we crossed the Rhine. I could see the ribbon of water-way stretched below me. On all sides, the sky was filled with towing-planes and their linked cargoes of tense fighting men; over 4,000 aircraft in total. There were Lancasters and Stirlings bringing in the 6th Airborne Division: Liberators and Dakotas with the 17th American Division. All, after releasing their load, were dodging and weaving to avoid the mayhem. Many were hit and falling in flames.

The 6th Airborne Division had landed in Normandy in the very early hours of D-Day. Mainly due to bad weather, the landings were not expected and therefore the element of surprise was a huge advantage.. But the Rhine Operation was different. Not only was this a daylight drop, but seven hours earlier, land-based troops had crossed the Rhine in assault craft and formed a three-mile bridgehead. Thus, the element of surprise was missing from our advantage; for the enemy had anticipated an airborne landing in support of the bridgehead and had plenty of time to bring up multiple air-defence guns from the Ruhr valley.

And what a welcome they gave us! I believe there were units who lost 50% casualties. The sky was black with ten thousand parachutes. The German ack-ack gunners couldn’t miss! They only had to point their guns skywards and press the trigger.

We called our Gliders, ‘flying coffins’. They were built mainly of plywood and had no protection from the accurate German guns. Sitting there with no parachutes, we felt like sitting ducks. One’s only hope lay in the skill of the Glider pilot, who we prayed would get us down in one piece…then we had a fighting chance.

Looking out the exit door, I saw that more Gliders had been hit and set on fire, giving the occupants no chance. As we continued to weave our way down through the crowded skies, I saw two Hamilcar Heavy Combat Gliders hit. Suddenly, a small half-track vehicle crashed through the front of the first Glider with two men hanging on the chains used to secure the load. In the other Glider, an anti-tank 6-pounder and its gunners made their exit in the same fashion. I shall always remember my whole being becoming suffused with terror. This was simply carnage; the like of which we had never experienced in all the battles across Europe from Normandy to the Rhine. The horrific scenes I was witnessing reminded me of an old film, with giant prehistoric birds-of-prey flying through gunfire and picking off humans on their way.

Then, at ever decreasing speed, we had just two more minutes of flying time left. Bullets were whipping through the fuselage like angry bees; I remember thinking that we could never survive this continuous onslaught. I closed my eyes and concentrated on the previous day’s briefing, our objective, and the job we had to do if we ever reached enemy territory.

We had dispersed to our departure airfields in Essex about a week before the battle. Here, we were given a basic plan of the operation, (code-named Varsity) by the Top Brass. The Commandos and 51st Highland Division were going in at 3a.m. to form the Bridgehead and we would land seven hours later, approximately eight miles ahead of the land-troops to complete the rout. To boast moral, I remember one Commander describing the operation as, ‘a piece of cake’ Nothing was said about air defences; perhaps they hoped it would be non-existent, or that it was all guarding German cities from bomber attacks. After basic briefing, we were given personal briefing as to our individual objectives from our own C.O.. This turned out to be the small country town of Hamminkeln, near Wesel. My company’s objective was the centre crossroads, which we were to hold until relieved by land troops. There was a paper-mâché model of the town showing most of the houses and a church with a tower overlooking the crossroads. We were then introduced to the two Glider Pilots who would take us in. As they informed us of their flight-plan, the phrase, “your life in their hands”, came to mind. I can still recall the gist of the conversation.

“Well”, they said, “We are going to try and get you in as close to your objective, the crossroads, as we can. Coming in from the southwest, we can hop over this wire fence, land in this potato field and run the Glider towards the gap between these two houses which are right on the crossroads” It all sounded so simple. We were re-assured by the scale model and the superb aerial photography. It not only showed the number of weapon-slits guarding various points, but also their depth. The photos even showed the height of each strand of the five-barbed wire fence that we were to “hop over”! When they asked for questions, I ventured to ask, “what if we lose our landing-gear in the ruts of the potato field. With no brakes, we would just slither towards the gap between the two houses completely out of control?”. I was thinking that this gap was only the width of a car. The Pilots replied with absolute confidence. If that happened, they said, they might lose the wings, but the fuselage would finish on the crossroads. “It’s all expendable”, they added, “we are not intending to fly it again”. Then someone else shouted, “Yes, but your passengers ain’t”, and we all laughed. The Glider pilots turned out to be first-rate, and we grew to have a lot of respect for them, especially when, on landing, they both grabbed a tommy-gun and jumped out of the pilot-seats to fight alongside.

Reveille was at 3a.m.and we tooled up with all our fighting gear: with crossed bandoliers of ammo and a grenade (suitably taped to avoid accidents in the aircraft) hanging from each lapel, Our weapons were loaded with full magazines and one ‘up the spout’. Just as dawn was breaking, we were ferried to the airfield. All the heavy bombers were lined up on one side of the runway and the gliders on the other with the coiled tow-ropes between them. Tension was high and hardly anyone spoke. The last-minute briefing was not re-assuring. Apparently, while the land-forces assault was going well and a bridgehead of some sort had been established, the unwelcome news was that some big guns had been brought up to stop the advance into the Fatherland and they were likely to be used to shell the Landing Zones. It was hoped to bring in Typhoon fighter-aircraft for close support. Most of the RAF personnel, including the WAFFS, got up to see us off. Lastly, the tow-plane pilot poked his head around the door and wished us luck, adding that he was glad he was not landing with us. A nice touch!

The take-off by RAF personnel was a model of quiet precision and organisation. Picture, if you can, 50 heavy bombers, one after another, pulling to the centre of the runway, followed by it’s glider. A quick word of confirmation between the two pilots and we soared into the dawning sky. There was one casualty and it happened to be one of our Company’s platoons. The tow-rope broke on take-off and the flight aborted. Unfortunately, the Glider couldn’t attempt a normal landing on the runway as it was being used by other aircraft taking off. Without much height, it drifted around to find a suitable spot and crash-landed on the edge of the airfield. There were no serious injuries and the platoon joined us later in Germany.

Back over the Rhine, we were now down to 500 feet and out of the trajectory of the ‘flak’ guns, though small-arms fire was still coming our way from the ground defences. From my position, I could look out the cockpit window and saw a small village, which must be Hamminkeln, straight ahead. Then, the brown earth of the ploughed fields came into sight. Before we knew it, the Pilot shouted, “Stand by” so, holding on to each other and lifting our feet off the deck, we braced ourselves for the crash-landing. There was a loud, harsh noise as we hit the ground and the landing gear came up through the floor. As we bounced and slithered along towards the houses ahead, the Glider was now virtually out of control. It seemed we would never stop in time, but as the houses took off our wings and brought us to a standstill, we realised that our Pilot had timed it magnificently. I had no time to marvel at this tremendous feat of flying. I was first out the door, to be met with a burst of German machine-gun fire. Fortunately, I had hit the ground, but the second man out, my best friend Cyril Eden, (who lived not far from me back in England), was shot through the thigh. I returned fire as best I could to cover the exit for the others. Then something happened which amazed me. I turned back towards the damaged glider to shout something or other, but found I could not utter a single word. Presumably, my vocal chords were paralysed with fear. I spent the next few minutes trying to swallow and get some saliva back into my mouth. Fortunately, this spasm only lasted a few minutes, and I soon recovered and crawled away to a safer place.

The long-range German guns and mortars had now found the range of the LZ and were beginning to saturate surrounding fields. I watched two of our Gliders attempt to land in our area. One tipped up on its nose and the other hit the ground with its starboard wing. They didn’t catch fire so, hopefully, most of them got out. I also saw a four-engine bomber on fire with engines screaming as it crashed beyond the village. Meanwhile, one of our Hamilcar Gliders, heavily laden, came in very low over the LZ. Desperately, I prayed that he would make it, not only for the lives of the men aboard, but also because I knew it would be carrying heavy equipment, which would have been useful to us at that moment. But he crashed straight into a railway signal-box. I was beginning to realise how lucky we had been to make a safe landing. The next thirty-minutes became even more murderous as small-arms fire and heavy artillery made our position untenable. I crawled further away from the LZ and was surprised to find a five-foot deep foxhole that I dived into with relief. I was not there long when I heard someone crawling towards me. Was it friend or foe? With my rifle between my knees, I got ready to blow any enemy’s head off. But then a great, black moon-face peered over the parapet. With a deep-southern draw, he said, “any room down there for me, boss?”. He was a parachutist from the 17th who had also landed on our Zone. Facing each other, with our knees drawn up, there was just room for the two of us and I marvelled at the situation. Two soldiers from different countries, meeting up in a foxhole and being shelled to pieces whilst we chatted about the war in general. We also exchanged cigarettes, I smoked his Chesterfield and he took my Players Navy Cut. It was pure heaven, as all around us was death and destruction. I expect 95% of all front-line soldiers smoked when in action: the nicotine drug being a small comfort. Dying later of lung-cancer, in a bed with white sheets, seemed a favourable option for us at the time. Suddenly, the barrage lifted, so we shook hands and left our sanctuary to rejoin our units…never to meet again. I certainly hope he made it back to the States.

The Battalion had taken a number of casualties, not only from shell fire, but from the church tower, where two or three snipers were picking off easy targets. As I was a sniper myself, I tried to use my telescopic sights and nullify this threat, but we were right underneath the tower and I could only see the very top of their helmets. So we remained pinned down, until our Colonel brought up a 6 pound-anti-tank gun and blew the tower to pieces. We then rushed the enemy who were occupying the nearby houses, and very soon captured the whole town. We took about 100 prisoners; mostly older men and some Hitler Youth boy soldiers. It was not exactly the cream of the SS, but they were fighting for their Fatherland and had put up a stern resistance. Once captured, they seem relieved that their war was over, whilst we had another six weeks of fighting before we met up with the Russians in the Baltic and, at last, called it a day.

But, for me, at least this Battle of the Rhine was over and, amazingly, it had only taken just over the hour since we landed, so I suppose the Generals would be claiming it a resounding success. But at what cost?

From my lowly position, I couldn’t help but wonder why the two Airborne Divisions didn’t land as dawn was breaking; long before the land-forces went in and advertised the attack. Because, in Germany, we landed on flat plains; there was no need to blast away at any concrete fortifications with bombers and heavy artillery, like we did at the Atlantic Wall in Normandy,. By this strategy, we may have effected complete surprise and got away with very few casualties. I suppose, at the back of his mind, Monty had the memory of Arnhem where it all went wrong for us. This final battle he certainly didn’t want to lose.

Speaking of Monty, I remember reading many years later a newspaper story about the Rhine operation. Apparently, Monty, for his Headquarters, took over a large chateau just a few kilometres from the assault point and invited Winston and all the American Generals. They sat down to enjoy a sumptuous champagne breakfast under the chandeliers. As 10 a.m. approached, they went out on the balcony to witness this great armada of planes flying over their heads.

I hope they were suitably impressed. I would gladly have exchanged places with any one of them!

J.N.Corbett.
12th Devons.
6th Air Landing Brigade.
6th Airborne Division.

Jim’s Medals: 1939/45 Star - War Medal - Defence Medal - France/Germany Star - Victory Medal - (Presented by Honfleur Town Council - Honfleur 50th Anniversary Liberation Medal plus five more heavy bronze medals - Freedom of Honfleur in 2001 in the shape of a large Silver Key mounted on purple plinth).
Copyright Text & Images: Jim Corbett