How about this?
All around the group who gets the vaccine will be your control group: those who do not. No placebo necessary. Compare those stats and if there isn't a significant difference the vaccine didn't work.
I have a relative that was in a trial for some drug for a while. He was taking the drug to begin with, before being asked to participate in the trial.
He knew he had the placebo in the trial because it didn't cut/break in half the same way as the real stuff.