Blow all the smoke you wish.
No judge will remove a Presidential candidate from the ballot.
Use a search engine for yourself. There are literally millions of hits. You can wail about the earth being flat, that doesn’t mean it is.
Candidates are removed from Ballots with significant regularity. That being said, it isn’t the topic at hand. A crime was committed in removing text and references and citations from SCOTUS cases at Justia. That is the topic.