I read somewhere there isn’t a “Loser pays” provision for federal civil cases. I dont know if that’s true.
I believe you are correct. It is up to the Judge to determine if any compensation is due to the winner. An automatic loser pays ... meaning reasonable lawyer fees for the winner .... would be, in my opinion the single best limiting factor for frivolous law suits.
That is correct. Nor do I know of any states who have that provision.