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To: dangerdoc
Remember that first day of calculus class? The lower bound is zero, really. Because of conservation of momentum, the force required to stop is the same and the lower bound is zero also, really.

It's only zero if the upper bound is zero too. There is no free lunch. If you move from a state of rest, energy is expended. If you are in motion, you must expend energy in an equal and opposite direction to return to a state of rest. Energy from gasoline puts you in motion. Frictional energy on the brake rotor/drum is expended to return the vehicle to a state of rest. If you happen to be rolling uphill when you want to stop, the energy is transformed to gravitational potential energy.

When I go to work I burn 3 gallons of gasoline. If I drove 55 mph, I would probably burn 2 gallons. If I trimmed 3,000 lbs off my vehicle and made it very aerodynamic, I would burn about a gallon. If I was just moving my body, it would only take a few ounces.

The limit doesn't go to zero. The fuel itself has mass and chemical potential energy. It is also dependent on nascent oxygen to convert the chemical potential into useful energy. ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. You will be producing heat and gas along the way.

233 posted on 01/01/2007 7:14:30 PM PST by Myrddin
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To: Myrddin

-- If you are in motion, you must expend energy in an equal and opposite direction to return to a state of rest.--

Hmmm. In an electrically driven car, one gains energy through regenerative braking while slowing down to a rest.


235 posted on 01/01/2007 7:20:34 PM PST by UpAllNight
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To: Myrddin

>Energy from gasoline puts you in motion. Frictional energy on the brake rotor/drum is expended to return the vehicle to a state of rest.

Most hybrids recover braking energy to recharge the battery.

Since efficiency is never 100%, you can never quite get there, but the lower bound is zero.


236 posted on 01/01/2007 7:30:46 PM PST by chipengineer
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