Posted on 04/08/2005 6:03:35 AM PDT by NYer
VATICAN CITY - Presidents, prime ministers and kings joined pilgrims and prelates in St. Peter's Square on Friday to bid farewell to Pope John Paul II at a funeral service that drew millions to Rome for one of the largest religious gatherings of modern times.
Applause rang out as John Paul's simple wooden coffin adorned with a cross and an "M" for Mary was brought out from St. Peter's Basilica and placed on a carpet in front of the altar. The book of the Gospel was placed on the coffin and the wind lifted the pages.
The Vatican's Sistine Choir sang the Gregorian chant, "Grant Him Eternal Rest, O Lord," and the service got under way. Cardinals wearing white miters walked onto the square, their red vestments blowing in the breeze.
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, dean of the College of Cardinals, a close confidant of John Paul and a possible successor, presided at the Mass and referred to him as our "late beloved pope" in a homily that traced the pontiff's life from his days as a factory worker in Nazi-occupied Poland to his final days as the head of the world's 1 billion Catholics.
Interrupted by applause at least 10 times, the usually unflappable German-born Ratzinger choked up as he recalled one of John Paul's last public appearances — when he blessed the faithful from his studio window on Easter.
"We can be sure that our beloved pope is standing today at the window of the father's house, that he sees us and blesses us," he said to applause, even among the prelates, as he pointed up to the third-floor window above the square.
"Today we bury his remains in the earth as a seed of immortality — our hearts are full of sadness, yet at the same time of joyful hope and profound gratitude," Ratzinger said in heavily accented Italian.
He said John Paul was a "priest to the last" and said he had offered his life for God and his flock "especially amid the sufferings of his final months."
Ratzinger was interrupted again toward the end of the Mass by several minutes of cheers, rhythmic applause and shouts of "Giovanni Paolo Santo" or "Saint John Paul," from the crowd.
At the beginning of the Mass, Ratzinger prayed for God to "grant your servant and our pope, John Paul II, who in the love of Christ led your church, to share with the flock entrusted to him the reward promised to the faithful ministers of the Gospel."
After the 2 1/2-hour Mass, the body will be carried deep under the basilica, where it will join the remains of popes from throughout the ages near the traditional tomb of the apostle Peter, the first pope.
John Paul requested in his last will and testament to be buried "in the bare earth," and his body will be laid to rest under the floor of the grotto below the basilica. His tomb will be covered with a flat stone bearing his name and the dates of his birth and death. Pilgrims will eventually be able to visit.
At least 300,000 people filled St. Peter's Square and spilled out onto the wide Via della Conciliazione leading toward the Tiber River, but millions of others watched on giant video screens set up across Rome. Banners read "Santo Subito," or "Sainthood Immediately."
Earlier, groggy pilgrims who had camped out on the cobblestones awoke in their sleeping bags to hordes of the faithful stepping over them as they tried to secure a good spot to view the Mass.
The square and the boulevard leading to it were a sea of red and white flags waved by pilgrims from John Paul's beloved Poland, many in traditional dress shouting "Polska! Polska!" Pilgrims from other countries raised their national flags in the crowd — American, Lebanese, Spanish, Croatian — and prayers were read out during the Mass in a host of languages — French, Swahili, Portuguese, among others.
"We just wanted to say goodbye to our father for the last time," said Joanna Zmijewsla, 24, who traveled for 30 hours with her brother from a town near Kielce, Poland, arriving at St. Peter's at 1 a.m. Friday.
American Archbishop James Harvey, head of papal protocol, greeted dignitaries and religious leaders as they emerged onto the steps of the basilica. Many shook Harvey's hand and offered condolences before mingling and taking their appointed seats.
Turbans, fezzes, yarmulkes, black lace veils, or mantillas, joined the "zucchettos," or skull caps, of Catholic prelates on the steps of St. Peter's in an extraordinary mix of religious and government leaders from around the world.
"I'm here because I'm a believer but also to live a moment in history," said Stephan Aubert, wearing a French flag draped over his shoulders.
Bells tolled as the final leaders took their places on red-cushioned wooden seats. Ten minutes before the scheduled start of the funeral, the U.S. delegation arrived, headed by President Bush, and including his father, former President George H.W. Bush, and former President Bill Clinton.
President Bush sat on the aisle in the second row, next to his wife, Laura. Beside them were French President Jacques Chirac and his wife, Bernadette. The two presidents shook hands.
Vatican ushers dressed in white tie and tails seated dignitaries who were given a chance to view John Paul's body before it was carried out of the basilica — where it has lain in state since Monday — and into the square.
Rome itself was at a standstill. Just after midnight Thursday, a ban took effect on vehicle traffic in the city center. Airspace was closed, and anti-aircraft batteries outside the city were on alert. Naval ships patrolled both the Mediterranean coast and the Tiber River near Vatican City, the tiny sovereign city-state encompassed by the Italian capital.
Italian authorities took extraordinary precautions to protect the royalty and heads of state or government attending the funeral.
Elite Carabinieri paramilitary police armed with automatic rifles were stationed at virtually every major intersection in Rome to minimize the threat of a terrorist attack on the more than 80 heads of state and monarchs attending the Mass.
Combat jets from Italy's air force, joined by an AWACS surveillance plane deployed by NATO, guarded against any strike from above on the leaders and top Roman Catholic prelates assembled on St. Peter's Square. Italian security agencies posted snipers on rooftops, and a navy warship armed with torpedoes cruised the coastline near Rome. Anti-aircraft rocket launchers were placed strategically around the capital.
Jewish and Muslim leaders were among the dignitaries from more than 80 countries, including the presidents of Syria and Iran, and the king of Jordan.
The pope's death on Saturday at age 84 has elicited a remarkable outpouring of affection around the world and brought an estimated 4 million people to Rome, doubling its population. Most of the pilgrims, however, can only hope to see the ceremony on giant TV screens that have been erected around the Vatican and in piazzas around Rome.
In Krakow, Poland, where John Paul studied for the priesthood, about 800,000 people watched the funeral on three TV screens set up in a field. Many had spent the night around bonfires after a Thursday night Mass drew a million people.
Sirens wailed in Warsaw for three minutes to announce the start of the funeral to the Polish capital. Some 25,000 people packed Pilsudski Square where the pope celebrated Mass during his first visit to his homeland as pope, and another 2,000 gathered in the Old Town in front of St. Ann's Church to watch the funeral on huge screens.
The faithful gathered in the Philippines, Vietnam and elsewhere to watch the service on television or to pray for John Paul. An overflow crowd of about 7,000 worshippers filled Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
John Paul's funeral began with an intimate ceremony attended only by high-ranking prelates, who placed a pouch of silver and bronze medals and a scrolled account of his life in his coffin.
His longtime private secretary, Archbishop Stanislaw Dziwisz, and the master of the liturgical ceremonies, Archbishop Piero Marini, placed a white silk veil over the pope's face before the coffin was closed.
Dziwisz was seen weeping at several occasions during the Mass.
The Vatican released John Paul's last will and testament on the eve of the funeral. Penned in Polish over 22 years, beginning five months after his election in October 1978, he gave instructions for his burial and also told his private secretary to burn his personal notes upon his death.
He also suggested he considered resigning in 2000, when his infirmities were already apparent. Revising his will just three days before a historic pilgrimage to the Holy Land, John Paul prayed that God would "help me to recognize up to what point I must continue this service."
On Thursday, the huge bronze doors of St. Peter's were closed to the public in preparation for the Mass. In four days, some estimates say nearly 2 million pilgrims passed by his bier to pay their last respects.
Rome groaned under the weight of visitors. Side streets were clogged in a permanent pedestrian rush hour, mostly by kids with backpacks. Tent camps sprang up at the Circus Maximus and elsewhere around the city to take the spillover from hotels. Hawkers jacked up prices of everything from bottled water to papal trinkets.
I see the First Lady and others wearing headcoverings in St. Peter's, and I think of the way that any Catholic in the US doing such a thing were mocked.
I'm Orthodox, so I don't have to worry about such things -- our liturgics haven't changed in any substantive ways in a millenium and my wife can cover her head all she likes. But this brings back all of the horror stories that I have heard about the Post Vat II world, which fill me with compassion for those who have had to endure them.
I think that if I were a Catholic who had lived through that, these images on TV would embitter me, unless I felt that it was somehow going to spur the American Catholic Church into somehow transforming itself... which I doubt.
One wouldn't know the meaning of what's happening in the Mass, though, unless they had a translation available at SOME point--people don't walk into a church clean and simply understand everything happening.
Also, most opera listeners DO read translations to understand what's going on; and those who penned the originals didn't simply throw vowels and consonants down. Most opera listeners I know read a translation of a favorite opera at some point--it certainly adds greatly to the experience. I would suspect most Gilbert and Sullivan works would miss a great deal if they were arbitrarily translated into a foreign language just because you don't NEED to understand the words.
But in the end I was just curious, and it doesn't matter much.
OK, but then it wouldn't matter WHAT language it's said in in that case--a tongue one doesn't understand is a tongue one doesn't understand, and whatever is being said, whether a mass or, say, a screening of a film one has already seen in one's native tongue many times, it doesn't matter.
(DW)but that's the same sitation as one going into a mass in English or one in French--someone who speaks Japanese doesn't need to understand either to know he's hearing the same mass.
"Sure, but I don't know the words in Japanese. I do know many of them in Latin."
Well, that's fine for you, but the mass isn't just for you, now is it? ;)
It may surprise you to learn that what you witnessed today is the liturgy that came out of Second Vatican Council. You can see it daily on EWTN. What goes on in the parishes is a travesty. Speak with your pastor, call the bishop and let them know how much you enjoyed the true Novus Ordo Mass.
First off, I regret that you are insulted by my post.
OTOH, I note that your tone is quite imperious, as well...
I understanad why the Church chaged to the vernacular, but I always thought it wonderful that a Catholic could go into any church in the world and understand the order of worship and the responses.
You would leave the church if the Mass was required to be in Latin? Why risk your soul over something like that?
Actually, Latin did not become the (Western) Church language for a few hundred years. The original Church language was Greek.
Huh? My point is that it's not a "tongue one doesn't understand," at that point. Catholics who grew up in the Latin Mass know what "Deo gratias" means, they know what "Benedicat vos omnipotens Deus" means, they know what "Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi" means, etc.
Well, that's fine for you, but the mass isn't just for you, now is it? ;)
See above. But, strictly speaking, the Mass is addressed to God the Father, it isn't "for me" at all.
I think the most beautiful and profound liturgical experience I've ever had was at an Easter morning Ukrainian Catholic Divine Liturgy ... it was sung in Ukrainian.
I don't speak Ukrainian, but by the time the liturgy was over, I knew what "Hospodi, pomiluj", "Podai, Hospodi", and "Christos voskrese" meant.
Any language can be used as long as that language is sufficiently developed and equivalent to other liturgical languages. Thus, Saints Cyril and methodius, two Greek 9th century monks, developed a liturgical language for the vast numbers of Slavic converts, known as the Church Slavonic which is still used in Orthodox Churches of Slavic nations and which is still quite intelligible.
The biggest problem Martin Luther faced with translating the Bible was that German was simply not sufficiently developed to express accurately liturgical concepts in a manner equivalent in meaning and intent to Latin.
English has similar limitations. Even Latin translations are not always in agreement with the Greek originals, and this has resulted in some serious theological issues that divide us. Even slightly different concept can lead to a very different conclusion.
But what ninenot is referring to is the spiritual meaning of the Mass (Liturgy). The reading of the Gospels and the homily is vernacular, because that is where it is needed.
We don't write the way we speak and we don't speak street language in business meetings because it's not "befitting" for the atmosphere and the occasion. Why? because language and musci set the "mood."
The liturgy itself is a deeply spiritual experience (or it should be), not something that requires verbal comprehension. The other part ninenot was referring to is the artistic part (which is why he or she linked it to Bach). Music raises vibrations, and not all music is the same. Some music moves us, and some doesn't.
Thus a bad singer can make us really dislike an otherwise beautiful song. By the same token, a poorly sung liturgy, or one spoken in a language that is more a "street" language in its tone can take away from the occasion -- and the mood.
English is expressly unfit for Orthodox chants because the intonations of the Church Slavonic are completely off-key in English. Thus, English Orthodox liturgy could be very pleasing to the ear if its intonations were to be changed to reflect the melodic characteristic of the English language.
Has there ever been a larger religious gathering in either modern times or before ?
"Kyrie eleison" is Greek, not Latin. It's the only Greek that was kept from the original (Greek) litugry.
What the Holy Spirit did was to reoxygenate the spark which is now well enkindled and will, no doubt, light my way back to the past and my home.
I am already there in my mind.
I have a good Pastor. I will speak with him about seeking an Indult.
(Mortified, I now skulk away from this thread.)
That was not Ukrainian, that was the 9th century Church Slavonic, used by all Slavic (eastern rite) churches. You would hear the same words in Bulgarian, Serbian Russian, etc. churches.
" Actually, Latin did not become the (Western) Church language for a few hundred years. The original Church language was Greek"
Indeed, and a small portion of that Greek persisted in the Liturgy of the Roman Church until Vatican II in the form of the Kyrie.
You get it. Thanks.
Similar with icons, stained-glass windows, the gates opening/closing, et al.
And your main point--that the Liturgy is not "for me" but for God--was the one I should have recalled and used.
Not quite all.
During Good Friday services, the RC's still use "Hagios o Theos, Hagios Ischyros, Hagios Athanatos, Eleison!"
That is, the RC's who actually use ANY non-English in their Good Friday service.
You might get further if you just ask for a Latin NO. Indult requests, even given to GOOD pastors, generally paint the requester as an odd duck, at best.
Besides, only your Bishop can approve an Indult Mass.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.