Decrease in African Americans in baseball has officials puzzled, concerned

FORT MYERS, Fla. - Sometimes, during a game, Minnesota Twins center fielder Torii Hunter does the math himself. And it doesn't take long.

"I'm looking in the stands, and there's no black kids in the stands at all," he said. "So I'm trying to figure out what's going on. I'm trying to figure out, "How did I get in this game?' ''

Hunter's not alone among players asking that question these days. But he's getting close.

At a time when the international diversity of players in Major League Baseball has never been greater, the number of African-American players in the game has nose-dived to levels not seen since the earliest days of integration.

"No question about that, and we've been concerned," Commissioner Bud Selig said.

Over the past five years, the major leagues have had more Latino players than ever, along with notable influxes of Japanese, Korean and Australian players.

But although the global popularity of baseball is on the rise and the numbers of white players from the United States remains strong, black American players are fading from the game.

The figures are dramatic enough that on Opening Night at the Metrodome, fans likely will witness the only African-American starting pitcher in the American League in Cleveland's C.C. Sabathia and the only all-African-American starting outfield in the league in the Twins' trio of Shannon Stewart, Hunter and Jacque Jones.

Twins players might laugh about the return of the Soul Patrol in the Minnesota outfield, but Hunter admits he sometimes feels like a dinosaur in the game.

Veteran black players talk about it often, Hunter said, referring to it as a "blackout."

Reasons given for the decline range from young athletes being drawn away by basketball and football to a disproportionate lack of economic opportunities and visibility.

Whatever the causes, Major League Baseball is treating the trend seriously, as a crisis of culture, if not relevancy. After all, what does it say about America's oldest, most tradition-rich professional sport that the best athletes from an entire segment of the American population have little more than a marginal stake, or passing interest, in it?

"When you think of the heritage of Jackie Robinson and (Larry) Doby and (Roy) Campanella and (Hank) Aaron and Willie Mays, it's stunning that it's fallen off like it has," Selig said. "We've gotten away from promoting baseball in the inner cities. I think there was a void there in the '70s, maybe back into the late '60s and going into the '80s. Now we're trying to make up for time. We're trying to do as much as we can to stimulate the game."

Already promoting baseball with youth in 185 cities through the Reviving Baseball in the Inner City program the past several years, along with programs that fund Little League fields, MLB has stepped up aggressively this year with a $3 million Urban Youth Academy under construction on the campus of Compton Community College in the Los Angeles area.

Modeled after the dozens of Latin American baseball academies that have produced vast pipelines of Dominican and Venezuelan prospects, the Compton academy is a 20- to 25-acre facility that will include two regulation-size fields, including one with lights and grandstands, and a youth baseball field and a softball field. It will be open to kids ages 10-15 from the neighborhood free of charge and provide academic and baseball instruction.

Selig, who also instituted a Jackie Robinson Day this year to be recognized every April 15, said other cities are being targeted for the academy program with a long-term goal of expanding the program throughout the country.

"It should help," said Twins infielder Augie Ojeda, 29, who grew up in a predominantly black and Hispanic neighborhood in central Los Angeles but rarely saw his black friends play in his baseball leagues. "They had some talent. For some reason they go to high school and play football or basketball. They forget about baseball."

One kid Ojeda went to high school with played baseball for one year and was such an outstanding athlete a baseball scout told him the club would draft him in a lower round, based on the athletic ability he showed in one high school season, if the player would agree to sign afterward. "He could hit the ball a mile. He was just raw," Ojeda said. "He said no. He got a scholarship to UCLA for football."

Players and coaches said they're optimistic about the potential for baseball's new academy program to regenerate interest in city neighborhoods where the game once thrived, producing players such as Darryl Strawberry and Eric Davis from Ojeda's hometown a generation ago.

"They did it for the Latin players for the longest time," Jones said. "Why are they just starting now for the African-American kids? They knew the numbers were dwindling. Why can't they go into the hood and say, 'Damn, there's a lot of kids in here that can really play the game but they have no resources to get better?' ''

Selig, who took over the commissioner's office more than a decade ago, admits baseball didn't do enough as the declines became more drastic in the 1990s. "I don't think we were as aggressive as we could be," said Selig, who has made awareness of the issue a high priority.

Since Jackie Robinson became the first black major leaguer in the 20th century in 1947, it took 12 years until every major league team was integrated with the Boston debut of Pumpsie Green. By the mid-70s, 27 percent of major leaguers were African-American, and black players owned big-league records for career home runs (Hank Aaron), stolen bases in a season (Lou Brock) and lowest earned run average in a season (Bob Gibson).

Don Newcombe won the inaugural Cy Young Award. Frank Robinson won Most Valuable Player awards in both leagues, then in 1975 became the first black manager in the big leagues. Reggie Jackson became Mr. October.

Top black athletes were playing baseball in such large numbers that by 1971, the Pittsburgh Pirates fielded the first all-black lineup in major league history (seven African-Americans and two black Latin players).

"It's such a great part of our heritage," Selig said. "It's a crime we've gotten away from that."

Last year, the numbers of black Americans playing in the major leagues dropped below 10 percent for the first time since before full integration.

And how bleak does that figure look considering it includes such second-generation black major leaguers as Barry Bonds, Ken Griffey Jr., Darren Oliver, Tim Raines Jr., Derrick Lee and Jerry Hairston Jr.? In the 1950s, that was not an access point for black players because there was no such thing as a second-generation black major leaguer.

Some players suggest the access points to the professional pipelines are drying up for urban African-Americans to at least the same degree as their interest is drying up.

Many suggest some scouts are reluctant to spend much time in some of the more dangerous city neighborhoods - and not just white scouts.

"Actually, in Oakland, where I've resided for years, I'm scared to go in there," said Twins first-base coach Jerry White, who is black. "And I live there. And that's where all the talent is."

Powerful perceptions, founded in varying degrees of truth, also might fuel the cycle.

"I'll tell you straight up," Hunter said. "If a black scout goes in there and finds a black kid in the hood because white scouts won't go in that neighborhood and then comes back with a report that says, 'Hey, this dude was like the best,' they won't believe them. They'll think he's trying to help the kid get out of the neighborhood.

But it's hard to call such perceptions outrageous when a glance over the 128-year history of major league baseball reveals not one black owner and only three teams that have ever employed black general managers - the same guy in two of those cases (Bob Watson with Houston in 1994-95 and the New York Yankees in 1996-98).

"I think a lot of it is kids in communities of color are seeing two things," said Dr. Richard Lapchick, the head of the Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sports at the University of Central Florida. "They're seeing few African-Americans in major league baseball, and in declining numbers, and seeing few in key leadership positions, whether manager or front-office positions. So they have some opinion that has not been a fair reaction to some of the great players who have wanted to be managers or coaches or work in front offices."

"And there is the perception that based on a pretty serious degree of reality that the number of players of color in the major leagues is not American anymore. And the opportunities in communities are not as great as they have been in recent years."

Besides the Twins, the only other possible all-black starting outfield in the majors on Opening Day is in San Francisco, where Barry Bonds and Marquis Grissom could be joined by Michael Tucker or Jeffrey Hammonds. Only two other starting pitchers in the majors besides Sabathia are black, and they both pitch for the same team (Oliver and Dontrelle Willis with Florida).

Teams such as Houston and Arizona might open the season without a black player on the field.

"That's a hard subject to discuss," said Twins coach Al Newman, 43, who lived in Kansas City until he was 14 before moving to the Compton area and eventually playing eight seasons in the majors. "We can talk till we're blue in the face, but you lose a group to another sport because obviously they think they're better at that sport. Or it's more appealing. Culturally, basketball and football are just more appealing. It used to be black folks loved the game of baseball. For every bit of Babe Ruth, you talk Josh Gibson, Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, Jackie Robinson.''

Even before 1947, the segregated Negro Leagues thrived as one of the most successful black-owned businesses in the country.

Selig tells the story of going to a Chicago Cubs game in 1947 with his cousin and a friend to see Robinson's first game at Wrigley Field.

"We were the only white people in the upper deck," he said. "That's what's so stunning when you think about it."

Less than 50 years later, Jones made the 1996 U.S. Olympic team and quickly realized he was the only black player in the Olympic tournament field.

"There's guys all over the place that can play, and I was like, 'Damn, I was the only brother that was good enough to even get invited (to the tryouts)?' " he said.

As recently as 1995, 19 percent of big-leaguers were black Americans. But that number has steadily gone down - to 15 percent in 1998, 13 percent in '99 and 10 percent in 2002. Some of that is attributable to the increase in international players joining the major leagues. But even after the percentage of white players dipped to a low of 58 percent in 1997, their numbers have rebounded to 64 percent last year.

"Me and Torii and other fellas around the league, we talk about it," Jones said. "Nobody can really put a finger on why it's less and less and less in the big leagues."

If it's true that young black athletes with choices are being drawn to other sports in greater numbers and that distractions such as video games are cutting the pool of potential players across the board, then the declining numbers of black players in the majors today figures only to inspire even fewer tomorrow.

Hunter, whose best sport was football as a kid, said he took baseball seriously after watching Andre Dawson hit 49 home runs for the Chicago Cubs in 1987 on WGN's superstation.

"I was like, 'Man, you can be successful at baseball as a black person?' " he said.

But the chances of that happening again in his hometown of Pine Bluff, Ark., already have dropped dramatically. By the time Hunter returned to his hometown two years after being drafted in 1993, his loosely organized youth league had disbanded. Meanwhile, the more highly organized, expensive league in the mostly white area of town was still going strong.

"I don't even know if you can get it back," Newman said. "I don't think you can get it back to the level it was in the '70s and the '80s. I really don't. Because too much has changed."

The most beautiful thing in the world growing up as a boy enamored with baseball was when for the 1st time I walked thru the concrete tunnel toward the seats and suddenly like an explosion you see the GREEN grass, the dirt infield, the mound, the white bases, and thousands and thousands of people...all under a sunny blue sky.

And also the sounds and smells..... Nothing in the world like it.

As for those who call it "boring," I think they just don't understand the pace of the game. What do they expect from a sport that combines individual accomplishment, intricate teamwork, and head-to-head duelling?

"At any given moment, there are dozens of things going on in a baseball game.

Come on! In any given sport there are dozens of things going on at any given moment.

It's just that in baseball, if you're a good player you have an average of 15 min fielding and 3 min hitting per game. It's a relatively passive sport...

If people were looking for this they might prefer cricket. (not dissimilar sports). The only reason that baseball does well here is our sense of tradition.

Which shows us that you also know nothing about throwing the javelin. Have you ever tried to throw one?

Yep. Didn't take too long to do it skillfully and demonstrate that I had maxed the limits of my physical ability.

What you're saying doesn't seem to have any counterpart in reality. Perhaps you'd like to tell us what you mean by "athletic."

John Kruk and Minnesota Fats are not athletes. Whatever excludes them is a proper definition for athlete. Sheesh.

Thank you... Logically we can conclude the following: A marathon runner clocks in at 2:11 running Boston but is not an athlete because:

He is crushed trying to bench 450lbs in his basement gym He cant dunk or hit a trey Cant return a fast serve Cant birdie on a paar four Cant kick a 50 yard field goal or push through the last 2 yards for the TD He doesnt even know what a 7-10 split is Thinks Ping Pong is a communist dictator

So a guy who can sink four balls consistantly on a break is less an athlete than someone who can play third base through a no hitter?

Im being a bit sarcastic and know how it comes accross but at some point we need to define what a sport is and ulitmately it is something like this:

Sports = The product of skill and physical acumen applied in a situation where ones ability to perform is judged against his/her peers.

By the way... If you're Amish you know you shouldnt be here!

"George Will said it best. (paraphrased) "Baseball is like going to Church. Many attend but few understand."

I'll remember to add Will's last book to after Revelations in my family bible so my kids have it all straight...

I'm not buying the "lack of resources" excuse. It's not like the players from Latin America were rolling in the dough -- Mariano Rivera, for one, used a cardboard baseball glove when he was growing up in Panama, yet he still made it to the majors and became the premier closer in the game.

And the numbers for black players would be higher if you figure in "black Latinos", for lack of a better word. Do you consider Sammy Sosa or Jose Contreras, to name two examples, black or Latin?

I don't doubt that there are fewer African-American major leaguers than there used to be, but I think you can blame that on the trendiness, or lack thereof, of MLB as opposed to the NFL or the NBA.

I forgot Herndon. I didn't forget Lemon. Both were a good player, but I didn't know if he should have been considered a "Star" or not(same with Darrell Evans), compared to Alan Trammell, Lou Whitaker, Kirk Gibson, Jack Morris, and Willie Hernandez.

I am concerned about the fact that there are so few blacks in curling, field hockey, and lacrosse.

Interestingly enough, the great Jim Brown still holds many national Lacrosse records from his days at Manhasset High School.

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