glyph of "son of thing" . . .
stereo of "son of thing" . . .
If you'd like to be on or off this MARS ping list please FRail me
Posted on 02/29/2004 2:25:17 PM PST by Brett66
Mars: A Water World? Evidence Mounts, But Scientists Remain Tight-Lipped There is no doubt that the Opportunity Mars rover is relaying a mother lode of geological data. Using an array of tools carried by the golf cart-sized robot -- from spectrometers, a rock grinder, cameras and powerful microscopic imager -- scientists are carefully piecing together a compelling historical portrait of a wet and wild world. Where Opportunity now roves, some scientists here suggest, could have been underneath a huge ocean or lake. But what has truly been uncovered by the robot at Meridiani Planum is under judicious and tight-lipped review. Those findings and their implications are headed for a major press conference, rumored to occur early next week -- but given unanimity among rover scientists and agreement on how and who should unveil the dramatic findings. Turns out, even on Mars, a political and ego outcrop hangs over science. Scientific bulls-eye It is clear that Opportunity's Earth-to-Mars hole in one -- bouncing into a small crater complete with rock outcrop -- has also proven to be a scientific bulls-eye. The robot is wheeling about the crater that is some 70 feet (22 meters) across and 10 feet (3 meters) deep. It is also apparent that there is a backlog of scientific measurements that Mars rover scientists working Opportunity have pocketed and kept close to their lab coats. For one, the rover found the site laden with hematite -- a mineral that typically, but not always -- forms in the presence of water. Then there are the puzzling spherules found in the soil and embedded in rock. They too might be water-related, but also could be produced by the actions of a meteor impact or a spewing volcano. A few spheres have been sliced in half and their insides imaged. Patches of these spherules, or "berries" as some call them, have undergone spectrometer exam to discern their mineral and chemistry makeup. Close-up photos of soil and rock have also shown thread-like features and even an oddly shaped object that looks like Rotini pasta. Brew of dissolved salts There is speculation that the soil underneath the wheels of both Spirit and Opportunity rovers contains small amounts of water mixed with salt in a brine. That brew of dissolved salts keeps the mixture well below the freezing point of pure water, permitting it to exist in liquid form.
Opportunity has revisited select spots in the outcrop, drawn there, in part, to look for cross-beds -- sedimentary deposits that are formed in beach, river and sand-dune environments. Using its Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT), the rover has carried out several cleaning and grinding sessions on exposed rock outcrop. Cross-beds are patterns of curving lines or traces found within the strata of sandstone and other sedimentary rocks. Cross-bedding indicates the general direction and force of the wind or water that originally laid down the sediments. Right around the corner Opportunity's research is a "work in progress", said Ray Arvidson, deputy principal investigator for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project from Washington University in St. Louis. Data is being gathered to present "a coherent story", he said during a press briefing last Thursday. "That story is right around the corner," Arvidson told SPACE.com . "But we need to finish this work in progress, finish the set of experiments, get the data down from the spacecraft, processed and analyzed. Then I think that the story will be known," he said.
Arvidson said multiple working hypotheses are still at play. Water is involved, but only on some of the hypotheses. Until coordinated experiments on the outcrop are completed, what the right hypothesis is remains unknown, he added. Severing the umbilical cord Mars exploration using the rovers has allowed on-the-spot "discovery driven science", said MER Deputy Project Scientist Albert Haldeman. He likened the Mars robot work now underway to deep ocean research using remotely operated submersibles. "It turns out that the best way to explore rocks [on Mars] is go look at craters. Mobility buys us the ability to do that. It was the right fit for looking at rocks," Haldeman told SPACE.com . "The discovery from the Microscopic Imager and seeing those spherules…and finding a larger population of spherules and seeing them in the rocks and the outcrop…that progression of discovery influences our thinking." Haldeman said the next step will be severing the umbilical cord between Opportunity and the crater it's exploring. The robot would wheel itself out of that site and onto the expansive terrain of Meridiani Planum. "That umbilical cord…that's hard to break. It's more than even just a tension within the science team," Haldeman said. Tantalizing hints Scientists are carefully analyzing the rock data gleaned by the Opportunity rover. "We really want to understand that we've got those figured out right," Haldeman said. Up to now they have offered some "tantalizing hints", he said, that speak to a possible relationship with water. Piecing together the story of what Opportunity has found involves great care and deliberation, Haldeman said, based on a wide-range of viewpoints and levels of expertise. "We want to be cautious," he explained. More to the point, the science output from Mars must withstand scrutiny by experts outside the rover investigation teams. "There are lots of geologists out there who are looking at these pictures and they are starting to drool," Haldeman said. "The American taxpayer that spent $800 million on this deserves a thorough analysis," Haldeman said. Slippery slope leading to life One scientist eagerly awaiting the news from Mars, particularly from Opportunity, is Gilbert Levin. He is Chairman of the Board and Executive Officer for Science of Spherix Incorporated in Beltsville, Maryland.
Levin is a former Viking Mars lander investigator. He has long argued that his 1976 Viking Labeled Release (LR) life detection experiment found living microorganisms in the soil of Mars. In 1997, Levin reported that simple laws of physics require water to occur as a liquid on the surface of Mars. Subsequent experiments and research have bolstered this view, he said, and reaffirms his Viking LR data regarding microbial life on Mars. Levin detailed his Mars views in a SPACE.com phone interview and via email. "It's hard to image why such bullet-proof evidence was denied for such a long time, and why those so vigorously denying it never did so by meeting the science, but merely by brushing it away," Levin said. "Of course, now that it must be acknowledged by all that there is liquid water on the surface of Mars," Levin added, "this starts those denying the validity of the Mars LR data down the slippery slope leading to life." Mars mud Levin points to Opportunity imagery that offers conclusive proof of standing liquid water and running water on a cold Mars. Other images show the rover tracks clearly are being made in "mud", with water being pressed out of that material, Levin said. "That water promptly freezes and you can see reflecting ice. That's clearly ice. It could be nothing else," he said, "and the source is the water that came out of the mud." As for the spherical objects found at the Opportunity site, Levin has a thought. "I wonder on Mars if it can rain upwards," he said. The idea is that subsurface water comes up through the soils and then freezes when it gets to the surface. "Maybe these little spherules form just like raindrops form up above," Levin explained. Levin said that brine on Mars is a code word for liquid water. He senses that great care is being taken by rover scientists because the liquid water issue starts the road to life. "That's the monument that they are afraid to erect without real due process," Levin concluded.
By Leonard David
Senior Space Writer
posted: 01:00 pm ET
29 February 2004
When the rovers finally fall silent, in 50, 100 or 150 days, how many issues will be left unresolved?
Yet another legacy of not using RTGs. The Viking landers ran for going on six years, night and day, using good old RTGs. Ditto for the Apollo ALSEPs.
Just another example of how when it comes down to a contest between nuke and solar power, it really is no contest (nuke wins every time).
Anyway, how does it stack up, availability-wise, against grid-power power sources? My brother-in-law has a PV system and about the best he ever does is 50% for the PV output at the bus bar. Usually more like 25-30%, but that's in the Denver area. I told him he needs to move his house to the Mojave to get a decent output from the PV, but for some reason, he won't listen to me.
I thought that federal law required all electric utilities to purchased it, but they get around it by requiring prohibitively costly interface devices.
There is a large "electric underground" that "sells" electricity back to the utilities on the sly. (They rig up their systems without the interface box, and allow their surplus to spin their meters backwards.) You should be able to find some info via google.
IOW, I do have a bidirectional meter, it is calibrated to spin backwards when I'm generating, but if the end of the month balance is negative the "surplus" power I generated is a gift to PG&E.
Are you allowed to re-sell "your" electricity to your neighbors?
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