Dade Massacre or Battle at Wahoo Swamp
The Start of the Second Seminole War
The first significant event, which would be considered the start of hostilities, was the defeat of the column commanded by Brevet Major (Captain) Francis Langhorne Dade. This column included a detachment of Company "B", 4th Infantry , Company "C" and detachments from Companies "B" and "H" of the Second Regiment of Artillery and Company "B" of the 3rd Regiment of Artillery, along with a guide, surgeon, and teamsters. the force totalling approximately 100 men and eight officers bound for Fort King from Fort Brooke, now known as Tampa. Dade's force was told upon leaving Fort Brooke to be ready for any hostilities. There had been reports of recent uprisings north of the reservation and their route would take them into the heart of Seminole country. The messages sent by General Clinch from Fort King were vague in the description of the current situation. In his dispatches he had just stated that he needed troops at Fort King immediately, never stating why.
![](http://www-cgsc.army.mil/milrev/english/SepOct01/images/Second%20Seminole%20War.jpg)
During the Second Seminole War, Major Francis L. Dade and all but three soldiers of his 110-man detachment were killed on 28 December 1835 during an ambush near Ocala, Florida.
The commanding officer at Fort Brooke took this as the Fort was under seige and needed help immediately. He frantically mustered the force and sent them on their way hoping to send re-enforcements as soon as they arrived by ship at Fort Brooke, which was reported to him as any day. With the hope that they would be able to join up with the column and break the siege of Gen. Clinch's troops at Fort King. The real reason for the message was to state that due to the lack of provisions he was forced to relocate his force to his plantation near Micanopy, Fla. and wanted Fort Brooke to supply the men for the garrison of that fortification. In past engagements the Seminoles perferred the hammocks of Florida, due to their hiding capabilities. Once Dade made it to the pine barrens he believed that there would be little to no trouble on his way to Fort King. On December 28, 1835, near Wahoo Swamp, Chiefs Micanopy, Alligator and Jumper laid in ambush for the column heading to Fort King. This location was one of several sites picked in the pine barrens around the swamp, because the Seminoles knew that the U. S. Forces did not expect to be attacked there. This site was selected primarily because Osceola, who was expected to join in, was late and Micanopy decided to start the engagement there. With swamp land on Dade's flanks the column had only one choice, to fight.
The Seminole force had been covering the U. S. force for many days and knew that their guard was down. Due to normal proceedures the enlisted men had their muskets inside their greatcoats or on the wagons to keep moisture from the weapons. This would have devastating consequences for Dade's men. Hidden by pines and palmettos, 180 Seminoles waited. Their initial musket volley at point blank range killed or wounded half the command. Major Dade and Captain Upton S. Fraser were the first to be killed. Three of the six surviving officers were wounded. Captain George W. Gardiner rallied the men and returned fire with the six-pound cannon.
As the Seminoles withdrew a short distance, the soldiers hastily built a small breastwork made out of logs in a triangle. They then cared for the wounded and collected ammunition from the fallen. The Indians' second attack lasted until about 2 p.m., when all the firing from the breastwork ceased. Most of the command was dead. The Seminoles, followed by their black allies, closed in. Three wounded soldiers, Edwin DeCourcey, Joseph Sprague, and Ransom Clark made it to Fort Brooke alive. Dade's black interpreter, Louis Pacheco, was taken captive. The Seminoles, with only three warriors killed and five wounded, retired to Wahoo Swamp to celebrate.
The scene of the ambush remained deserted for seven weeks. On February 20, 1836, an expedition under General Edmund P. Gaines identified the bodies and gave them proper military burials. The officers' bodies were placed on the east side of the trail, the 98 enlisted men in two graves within the log breastwork. The cannon was retrieved from a nearby pond where the Seminoles had thrown it. They mounted it. Muzzle down, at the head of the officers' grave, as a monument to the dead. Six years later on August 14, 1842, Dade's silent command was laid to rest at the National Cemetery in St. Augustine. This was made possible by contributions from the officers and men of the army. This battle was one of the most terrible defeats ever suffered by the U. S. Army at the hands of the native peoples, second only to Custer's Last Stand.
Second Seminole War
1836-1846
Start of Hostilities
September 18, 1823 the Treaty of Camp Moultrie, for the Apalachicola clans, was signed. It stipulated that the Seminoles would be reimbursed for cattle, and property for a period of 20 years, all slaves that were taken, up to that time, were to be turned into the proper authorities so they may be return to their owners, and that the clans agreed to be relocated. The date for relocation was debatable. The U. S. believed that it was to be at the earliest convienence. The Seminoles believed that they could stay for 20 years, the period of time the payments were to be received. In order to clarify this the U. S. sought to establish a new treaty with the Seminole nation.
![](http://www.nps.gov/ocmu/Images/Osceola.jpg)
Osceola
On the 9th of May, 1832 the Treaty of Payne's Landing was signed, for the southern clans, by fifteen chiefs of the Florida clans and the United States Government. Under this treaty the Seminole Nation agreed to relocate to Indian Territory. In 1836, this was Arkansas to the western border of Oklahoma. The United States promised to compensate the Seminole for a period of 20 years for cattle, property and/or any other goods owned by the tribe along with rations for a year after their relocation. It also stipulated that the tribe could designate several of their chiefs to go and inspect the land they were to move to, and upon their approval of this land relocation would commence. In 1835, many clans within Florida did not wish to leave as in accordance with the treaties, which they believed were signed under duress. The blacks that were affiliated with the Seminoles as free men were worried about their freedom if removal was to take place. The tribes and their black allies started to prepare for armed resistance against the pending relocation.
Several incidents took place during the later part of 1835 which would rapidly start hostilities between the United States and the tribes in Florida. The first incident in the Florida Territory happened near present day Gainesville, Florida at a settlement called Hog Town. In June a party of seven Seminoles had left the reservation boundary, which was just south of Paynes Prairie, to hunt and gather supplies. The party of Seminoles had five days earlier split up and agreed to regroup near Kanapha Hall, just west of Gainesville. On the 19th of June, five of the seven were camped and waiting for the rest of their group. A party of white men came up upon the group and an altercation soon ensued between them, about the Seminoles being off their reservation and/or the killing of a settler's cow. The white settlers commenced to flogging the Seminoles with their bull whips. At this time the other two Seminoles had just arrived at the predestined meeting place and seeing that their comrades were being battered, shot a volley of musketry at the assailants. An enlivened skirmish soon took place between the whites and Seminoles. In this action one Seminole was killed and another fatally wounded, while the settlers had experienced three men wounded.
![](http://www.csulb.edu/projects/ais/nae/chapter_2/001_002_2.40.jpg)
The Second Seminole War (1835-42) was the most fierce and costly war in America's history up to that time. Two hundred thousand soldiers fought, at a cost of over $20 million. The war began when some Seminole Indians refused to leave Florida, defying th e Removal Act. They also gave refuge to runaway slaves from Georgia, and the slave owners and plantation framers demanded immediate retribution. The American army committed several atrocities, including hunting Indians with bloodhounds (depicted here), and the capture of the Seminole warrior Osceola while under a flag of truce. The war lasted for more than seven years without ever coming close to a victory on either side, and eventually American troops withdrew. No peace treaty was signed.
Private Dalton was the designated mail carrier for the army on Fort King Road. This road ran from Tampa Bay to Fort King, in present day Ocala. On the 6th of August, 1835 he was on his route when he happened upon six Mecasuky Indians near the Hillsborough Bridge. Dalton not expecting any hostilities rode up on the group. When he approached, one of the Mecasuky grabbed the bridle of his mule and another Indian shot him. The Mecasuky Indians proceeded to mutilate the body of the courier after stripping him of his clothes. They shot the mule and took the saddle and bridle, along with the mail before moving on. There is speculation that the Mecasuky Indians involved were from the tribe of Seminoles that were harrased near Hog Town and were looking for retribution for that incident.
![](http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/Governors/images/Jackson_pt00185.jpg)
Andrew Jackson
Monday the 28th of December, 1835 General Wiley Thompson (Indian agent assigned to the Seminoles at Fort King) was dining at Mr. Erastus Rogers' (the sutler at Fort King) house with nine other individuals, just outside the gates to Fort King. The forts garrison had just left with General Clinch, for his plantation "Auld Lang Syne", due to the want of food and supplies. Before leaving, General Clinch sent a dispatch to Fort Brooke (present day Tampa) for troops to relieve the garrison. After the soldiers departed, Osceola and a band of supporters who were lying in wait till the column was gone came up on the cabin and fired a volley towards the front door of the house. The door was soon kicked open by the Seminoles and the members of the dinner party that were not killed in the first volley, scrambled for the windows. Several men made it out of the window and ran for the woods, only to be killed by their pursuers. Five of the dinner party survived the ambush and got away to tell their story. General Thompson was found with a total of fifteen musket balls in him. According to reports one of the rounds came from a silver plated rifle that he had given to Osceola in lieu of his help in keeping peace on the reservation. Osceola only a few days previous to this event was arrested by Gen. Thompson for losing his temper and was put in chains by the Indian Agent, this would be his retribution for what Thompson had done to him.
1 posted on
06/24/2003 12:00:04 AM PDT by
SAMWolf
To: AntiJen; snippy_about_it; Victoria Delsoul; SassyMom; bentfeather; MistyCA; GatorGirl; radu; ...
THIRD SEMINOLE WAR
(1855-1858)
In 1841, when North Florida was booming with settlers, South Florida was still a war zone. Congress appropriated more than one million dollars to capture by bribe or bullet the surviving Indians. The Indian Council, headed by Holatta-Micco (Billy Bowlegs) was determined to defend the Biscayne holdings. The Third Artillery under Major Childs and Lt. John McLaughlin began to crisscross the swamps with the intent of destroying anything that would help the Seminoles. By 1842 230 Indians had been captured by this strategy.
There was great pressure in Congress among Northerners to curtail this expensive and bloody conflict, which could only result in the creation of another slave state. A truce was started when Billy Bowlegs agreed to stop hostilities. It did not last.
Inspired by the discovery of the rich muck lands of the Okeechobee area, Governor Thomas Brown encouraged cattlemen and farmers, protected by the Florida militia, to enter the region. Fort Myers was developed into a full sized village. In December of 1855, Lt. George Hardstuff, on a "survey" of Seminole facilities, ram survey lines across Billy Bowlegs prize banana garden. The Indians returned to the war.
![](http://www.tampabayhistorycenter.org/images/centershot-seminolewar_over.jpg)
Billy Bowlegs - 1858
Principal chief over the 300-400 remaining Indians in Florida at the close of the Second Seminole War.
Five hundred dollar rewards for braves, $250 for women, and $100 for children were offered to white bounty hunters. Indians could receive the same rewards for giving up. The Seminoles rejected the financial rewards and began their guerrilla warfare. A band of forty Oklahoma Seminole could not convince the Indians to surrender.
Billy Bowlegs rejected bribes of $5,000 plus $100 per surrendered Indian, but when his granddaughter was seized, he was forced to surrender. On May 4, 1858, the last of the famous Seminole warriors met the soldiers at Billy's Creek and was sent forever from Florida. A handful of Seminoles remained in the Everglades, but fighting ended.
The Seminoles had delayed Florida statehood for thirty years. They had never surrendered, each person allowed to decide whether to accept a treaty. Now the frontier was ready for settlement and only the Civil War would delay the potential growth of this last frontier.
Additional Sources: www.geocities.com/rodent70/html/Dade.html
www.geocities.com/rodent70/html/2ndsemwar.html
www.globalsecurity.org
www.csulb.edu
www.frostburg.edu
dhr.dos.state.fl.us
www-cgsc.army.mil
www.floridahistory.org
www.nps.gov
www.floridamemory.com
www.ngb.army.mil
www.tampabayhistorycenter.org
2 posted on
06/24/2003 12:00:42 AM PDT by
SAMWolf
(There's plenty of room for all God's creatures..... right next to the mashed potatoes.)
To: SAMWolf
10 posted on
06/24/2003 5:47:51 AM PDT by
hardhead
('Column righhhhhtttt, HUUUUUHHHHH!')
To: HELLRAISER II; RedBloodedAmerican; Joe Brower; wardaddy
Come along for some FLA History
To: Amore; razorbak; Luis Gonzalez
FYI!
To: SAMWolf
![](http://the-antique-shop.com/inventory/postcards/seminole.jpg)
My gr-gr-grandaddy often traveled to south FLA on sales trips in the 20's and 30's. He remembers sleeping in his car and hearing the Indians off in the distance and seeing their campfires in the swamps as he bedded down for the night. One morning he awoke with a bunch of natives around his car and hovering over him. He was a little scared at first, but relived that they were friendly and brought him some whiskey as an offering of friendship.
To: SAMWolf
On This Day In History
Birthdates which occurred on June 24:
1759 Victor Emanuel I, King of Sardinia (1802-21)
1771 E I Du Pont France, chemist/scientist (Du Pont)
1783 Johann Heinrich von Thnen economist/geographer/farmer
1797 John Hughes archbishop, founded Fordham University in the Bronx
1813 Henry Ward Beecher Litchfield Ct, clergyman/orator (The Independent)
1839 Gustavus Franklin Swift founded Swift & Co
1842 Ambrose Bierce US, satirist (Devil's Dictionary)
1850 Horatio Herbert Kitchener England, original Order of Merit member
1895 Jack Dempsey heavyweight boxing champion (1919-26) (Manassa Mauler)
1901 Harry Partch Oakland Calif, composer (Oedipus)
1903 Phil Harris singer/actor (Anything Goes)
1909 Milton Katims NYC, conductor/violist (WOR-NYC)
1912 Norman Cousins editor (Saturday Review)
1915 Sir Fred Hoyle cosmologist, proposed steady-state universe theory
1916 John Ciardi poet/critic (translated Dante)
1919 Al Molinaro Kenosha Wisc, actor (Odd Couple, Happy Days)
1922 Roy Elihu Travis NYC, composer (Passion of Dedipus)
1922 Sibohan McKenna Ireland, stage actress (Saint Joan)
1923 Jack Carter Bkln NY, comedian/actor (Amazing Dobermans, Octagon)
1930 Claude Chabrol Paris France, director (Les Cousins, Ophila)
1932 David McTaggart cofounded Greenpeace
1935 Pete Hamill journalist (NY Post)
1935 Terry Riley Colfax Calif, composer (Spectra)
1938 Boris Lagutin USSR, light-middleweight boxer (Olympic-gold-1964, 68)
1938 Walter Willison Monterrey Park Calif, actor (McDuff the Talking Dog)
1942 Michele Lee LA Calif, actress/singer (Karen-Knots Landing, Love Bug)
1942 Mick Fleetwood drummer (Fleetwood Mac) (or 1947)
1943 Georg Stanford Brown Havana Cuba, actor (Terry Webster-Rookies)
1944 Arthur Brown England, rocker (Fire)
1944 Bruce Johnston rocker (Beachboys-Surfin' Girl)
1944 Jeff Beck Surrey England, singer/songwriter (Jeff Beck Group)
1945 Betty Stove Netherlands, tennis player (US Doubles 1972)
1945 Colin Blunstone rocker (Zombies-Never Even Thought)
1946 Ellison S Onizuka Hawaii, Mjr USAF/ast (STS 51C, 51L-Chal disaster)
1947 Peter Weller actor (Robocop, 1st Born, Of Unknown Origin)
1950 Nancy Allen NYC, actress (Carrie, 1941, Robocop, Dress to Kill)
1951 Ivar Formo Norway, 50K cross country skier (Olympic-gold-1976)
1956 Joe Penny actor (Jake & the Fatman)
1957 Astro rocker (UB40-Red Red Wine)
1958 Victor M Gerena NYC, security guard robbed $7 million (FBI wanted)
1959 Andy McClusky rocker (Orchestal Manoeveres in the Dark-Electricity)
1961 Curt Smith rocker (Tears for Fears-Shout)
1961 Natalya Shaposhnikova USSR, sidehorse vaulter (Olympic-gold-1980)
1965 Danielle Spencer Bronx, actress (Dee Thomas-What's Happening)
1969 Melissa Gurney Calif, tennis player (Virginia Slims of SD, 1986)
1970 Glenn Medeiros singer (Someday Love)
Deaths which occurred on June 24:
1519 - Lucrezia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander, dies at 39
1862 Martin Van Buren, 8th pres (1837-41), dies in Kinderhook NY at 80
1908 Grover Cleveland 22nd & 24th Pres, dies in Princeton, at 71
1922 Dr Walter Rathenau German foreign minister killed by anti-semites
1971 Kenneth Washington actor (Sgt Baker-Hogan's Heroes), dies at 53
1984 William Keighley actor, dies of a stroke at 94
1987 Jackie Gleason actor (Honeymooners), dies at 71 in Fort Lauderdale
Reported: MISSING in ACTION
1965 VAN CAMPEN THOMAS C. OROVILLE CA.
[WOUNDED SEPARTED FROM UNIT]
1966 ELLIS WILLIAM SUMMERVILLE SC.
1967 SHERMAN ROBERT C DANVILLE IL.
[11/23/68 DIC, REMAINS RECOVERED 03/20/85]
1968 CARPENTER NICHOLAS MALLOR CINCINNATI OH.
[PROB DIED IN WRECKAGE, REMAINS RETURNED 9/90]
1968 MOBLEY JOSEPH S. INDIANAPOLIS IN.
["03/14/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE IN 98]
1972 BEEKMAN WILLIAM D. TOLEDO OH.
[03/28/73 RELEASED BY DRV]
1972 GRANT DAVID B. CHATTANOOGA TN.
[03/28/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1972 JACKSON CHARLES A. CHARLESTON WV.
[02/12/73 RELEASED BY DRV INJURED, ALIVE AND WELL IN 98]
1972 MC CARTY JAMES L. MC LEAN TX.
[REMAINS RETURNED 13 SEPT 90, REMAINS IDENTIFIED11 JUNE 97]
POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.
On this day...
451 10th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet
0843 - Vikings destroy Nantes
1128 - Afonso I of Portugal defeats army of his mother Theresa
1298 - Rindfleish Persecutions -- Jews of Ifhauben Austria massacred
1314 Battle of Bannockburn; Scotland regains independence from England
1322 Jews are expelled from France
1441 Eton College founded by Henry VI
1497 John Cabot claims eastern Canada for England
1509 Henry VIII crowned King of England
1535 Anabaptists Protestants conquerered & disbanded
1540 Henry VIII divorces his 4th wife, Anne of Cleves
1647 Lord Baltimore's niece ejected requesting vote at Maryland Council
1662 Dutch invasion of Macau repulsed (Macau Day)
1778 David Rittenhouse observes a total solar eclipse in Philadelphia
1793 1st republican constitution in France adopted
1813 Battle of Beaver Dam-British & Indian forces defeat US forces
1817 1st coffee planted in Hawaii on Kona coast
1821 Battle of Carabobo; Bol¡var defeats royalists outside of Caracas
1841 Fordham University (then St John's College), opens in the Bronx
1852 J R Hind discovers asteroid #18 Melpomene
1861 Tennessee becomes 11th (& last) state to secede from US
1881 200 drown as train runs off bridge near Cuautla Mexico
1882 NL expells umpire Richard Higham for dishonesty
1884 John Lynch is 1st black elected chairman of Republican convention
1894 Decision to begin modern Olympics every 4 years
1897 Hail injures 26 in Topeka Kansas
1898 American troops, drive Spanish forces from La Guasimas Cuba
1901 Jewish National Fund starts
1908 A Kopff discovers asteroids #663 Gerlinde & #664 Judith
1908 Yanks replace Clark Griffith with Kid Elberfeld as manager who is destined to have worse won-lost pct of any Yankee mgr 27-71 (.276)
1909 Best 72 holes of golf at US open (George Sargent-290)
1911 John McDermott becomes 1st American to win US open golf tournament
1914 G Neujmin discovers asteroid #789 Lena
1915 800 die as excursion steamer Eastland capsizes in Chicago
1920 Chuvash Autonomous Region formed in RSFSR
1922 AFPA changes name to NFL, Chicago Staleys become Chicago Bears
1930 1st radar detection of planes, Anacostia DC
1932 Coup ends absolute monarchy in Thailand
1936 Joe DiMaggio becomes 5th to hit 2 HRs in 1 inn, Yanks beat Browns 18-4
1939 Pan Am's 1st US to England flight
1940 France signs an armistice with Italy during WW II
1946 29.77 cm (11.72") of rainfall, Mellen, Wisc. (state 24-hr record)
1947 Flying saucers sighted over Mount Rainier by pilot Ken Arnold
1948 Republican Natl Convention in Phila nominates NY gov Thomas Dewey
1948 Soviet Union begins Berlin Blockade, so Berlin Airlift begins
1949 "Hopalong Cassidy" becomes 1st network western (NBC)
1949 Cargo airlines 1st licensed by US Civil Aeronautics Board
1950 M Itzigsohn discovers asteroid #1821 Aconcagua
1950 NY Giant Wes Westrum hits 3 HRs & a triple
1955 Harmon Killebrew hits his 1st HR (off Billy Hoeff)
1961 Beatles record "If You Love Me Baby"
1962 Jack Reed's 22nd inn HR leads Yanks over Tigers 9-7
1963 1st demonstration of home video recorder, at BBC Studios, London
1963 Zanzibar granted internal self-government by Britain
1966 Bombay-NY Air India flight crashes into Mont Blanc (Switz), 117 die
1966 Period of relative peace following WW II exceeds that following WW I
1968 Canadian Sandra Post becomes 1st non-US & 1st rookie LPGA winner
1968 Deadline for redeeming silver certificate dollars for silver bullion
1968 Jim Northrup hits 2 grand-slammers to help Tigers beat Cleve 14-3
1968 Joe Frazier TKOs Manda Ramos for world heavyweight boxing title
1968 Resurrection City closed
1970 Bobby Murcer ties record of 4 consecutive HRs
1970 Senate votes overwhelmingly to repeal Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1973 Marlene Raymond (15), limboes under a flaming bar at 6 1/8"
1975 113 killed in Eastern Boeing 727 crash at JFK
1975 Eastern 727 crashes at JFK Airport NY, kills 113
1977 IRS reveals Jimmy Carter paid no taxes in 1976
1980 Affirmed wins $500,000 Hollywood Cup, 1st horse to win $2 million
1982 Equal Rights Amendment goes down to defeat
1982 Jean-Loup Chretien, 1st spacionaut, 2 others, lift off (Soyuz T-16)
1983 7th Space Shuttle Mission-Challenger 2 lands at Edwards AFB
1983 Don Sutton becomes 8th pitcher to strikeout 3,000 batters
1984 Joe Morgan sets career HR mark for 2nd basemen with #265
1985 18th Space Shuttle Mission (51-G)-Discovery 5 returns to Earth
1985 Challenger moves to Vandenberg AFB for mating of STS 51-F
1986 Guy Hunt elected 1st Republican governor of Alabama in 112 years
1986 US Senate approves "tax reform"
1988 Cleve pitcher Doug Jones sets record of 14 consecutive saves
Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"
Azores : Feriado Municipal Augra
Canada, PR : St John the Baptist/St Jean Baptiste Day/San Juan Day
Europe : Midsummer Day
Peru : Countryman's Day/Day of the Indian/Dia del Indio
Scotland : Bannockburn Day (1314)
Venezuala : Army Day/Carabobo Day (1821)
Zare : Constitution Day
Newfoundland : Discovery Day (1497-John Cabot) - ( Monday )
Fight The Filthy Fly Month
Religious Observances
Ang, RC, Luth, Cong : Solemnity of the Nativity of St John the Baptist
Religious History
1519 Birth of Theodore Beza, French-born Swiss theological reformer. Beza became the acknowledged leader of the Swiss Calvinists, following John Calvin's death in 1564.
1527 King Gustavus of Sweden assembled the Diet of Wester's, for the purpose of carrying through the Protestant Reformation in Sweden.
1803 Birth of George J. Webb, American church organist. He compiled several collections of sacred music during his lifetime, and also composed the melody to the hymn, 'Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus.'
1917 Death of Orville J. Nave (born 1841), U.S. Armed Services chaplain and compiler of the popular 'Nave's Topical Bible.'
1941 The two-day Constitutional Assembly of the Nippon Kirisuto Kyodan opened, during which was formed the United Church of Christ in Japan.
Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.
Thought for the day :
"The wise shepherd never trusts his flock to a smiling wolf."
33 posted on
06/24/2003 6:51:42 AM PDT by
Valin
(Humor is just another defense against the universe.)
To: SAMWolf
Welcome back Sam. Glad to know you survived the in-laws.
Here's to your return and the hope that I never have to deal with in-laws.
58 posted on
06/24/2003 11:37:19 AM PDT by
Sparta
(Tagline removed by moderator)
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