The FReeper Foxhole Profiles Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, U.S. Army - Sep. 5th, 2005

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[SAMWolf]

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Major Walter Reed
(1851 - 1902)

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On September 13, 1851, one of the world's outstanding physicians and medical research scientists was born in Belroi, Gloucester County, Virginia, the son of a Methodist minister, Lemuel Sutton Reed, and his wife, Pharaba White Reed. At an early age, Walter Reed gave "evidence of the intellectual brilliancy and earnestness of purpose which distinguished him in later years."

After his basic education at a private school in Charlottesville, Virginia, Walter Reed matriculated at the famed University of Virginia where he completed the two-year medical course in only one year and received his degree in 1869 at the age of eighteen. He was the youngest student ever to graduate from the medical school. Since the University of Virginia had no hospital attached, he took a second degree at Bellevue Medical College in New York in 1870. During the subsequent five years he served his internship at Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn and at the Brooklyn City Hospital. While interning at Kings County he was described as being "sociable and companionable with a special gift for conversation." There too, he attracted the attention of Dir. Joseph P. Hutchinson, then the leading physician and surgeon in Brooklyn. After further internship at Brooklyn City Hospital with consultant status at Kings County, he was appointed one of the five inspectors on the Brooklyn Board of Health in 1873 at the age of twenty-two. He approached all his duties with enthusiasm and optimism, traits which contributed immeasurably to his success, both social and professional. The turmoil of city life excited and stimulated him. He attended concerts at the Hippodrome and the Academy of Music and good lectures on literature and scientific subjects. It was at this time that the young intern conducted his first research which was the basis of his first scholarly paper, published in 1892, called "The Contagiousness of Erysipelas."

Walter Reed 1876

In 1874, having served on the Boards of Health in Brooklyn and New York, he returned to Virginia to visit his father who was living in Murfreesboro. There he met his future wife, Emilie Lawrence, the daughter of a North Carolina planter. His letters to her revealed that he had decided to give up his civilian career and enter the Army as a surgeon. Because he felt the Army offered a good opportunity for research and also the financial security he felt he needed to marry his winsome fiancee, he applied and was accepted for an appointment in the Medical Department of the Army. He passed the required examinations and was appointed Assistant Surgeon with the rank of first lieutenant on June 26, 1875. So began an eighteen-year garrison life.

After five years at Fort Lowell and Fort Apache, Arizona, where he served as a beloved family doctor visiting patients in the wild country surrounding his posts, he was promoted to captain and soon thereafter was transferred to Fort McHenry in Baltimore. In this city he became a student of physiology at Johns Hopkins University in his spare time during 1881 and 1882.



After serving at Fort McHenry, Walter Reed was again assigned to southern and western posts at Fort Omaha, Nebraska, and Mount Vermon Barracks, Alabama. One Walter Reed historian points out that "one of the marvels of his life is that his relegation to frontier garrisons, unfavorable for intellectual contacts, did not ruin him."

Dr. Reed returned to Baltimore in 1890 as Attending Surgeon and examiner of recruits. This assignment was quite welcome since it provided him with the opportunity to do research. He became a student of bacteriology and pathology under the tutelage of Dr. William Henry Welch, head of the Pathological Laboratory at Johns Hopkins and foremost pathologist and medical bacteriologist in this country. These subjects were not taught as part of the medical curriculum of that day.

It is significant that Walter Reed's career coincided with the great flowering of medical science that took place in the 1880's. The germ theory of infectious disease was now accepted as postulated and proved by Pasteur, and Robert Koch had perfected a method for studying bacteria. In the United States George Miller Sternberg, later Army Surgeon General, with whom Walter Reed had a close professional relationship, was one of the founders of bacteriology.


George Miller Sternberg (1838-1915).
"America's first bacteriologist," Sternberg was Surgeon-General of the Army from 1893 to 1902 (Photo from frontispiece in Martha Sternberg, George Miller Sternberg: A Biography, Chicago: AMA, 1920).

The 1880's were critically important years in Walter Reed's life and in the destiny of the United States. It was during this period, all areas of the world were plagued by yellow fever, that the mature scientific investigator was formed. He conducted his own individual research much to the delight and satisfaction of Dr. Welch who had been one of Pasteur's students. His ties with Dr. Welch were strengthened, and Dr. Welch's mutually admiring relationship with Surgeon General Sternberg was quite advantageous to Dr. Reed as an Army surgeon protege.

Walter Reed, then forty-two years old, was greeted with enthusiasm by an eager group of researchers at the Pathological Laboratory. Captain Reed - promoted on June 26, 1880 - learned the necessary research techniques and was soon working on his own project concerning typhoid fever.

A man of sterling character, religious by nature, prepared for practice and research, a soldier who had learned to endure hardships, a student and pathologist of the highest caliber, Walter Reed was now ready for the great achievements of his lifetime. He would live for only fifty-one years, but between 1892 and 1901, a year before his death, he was engaged in some of the most important work in the history of medicine. This took the form of research into the etiology (cause) and epidemiology (spread) of typhoid and yellow fever.


The Dead Wagon, 2nd Division Hospital, Havana, ca. 1898 (Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA)

From 1891 to 1893 Walter Reed spent his last western tour in the Dakotas. He was promoted to major in 1893 and then took his post as curator of the Army Medical Museum (now part of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology) and professor of clinical microscopy in the Army Medical School (now the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research) founded in Washington by Surgeon General Sternberg. At this same time he also held the chair in bacteriology at the Columbian University (now the George Washington University). He worked industriously for five years, teaching and working in his specialty, bacteriology. His work, clinical and academic, was accurate and original. His experience at work in the School gave him an excellent sense of judgement valuable for investigating the causes of epidemic diseases and in making sanitary inspections at military posts. He was indeed needed as an instructor; medicine was making rapid advances and military doctors had to be informed of the new techniques. An anti-toxin for diphtheria had been prepared and there was a race to find the specific agents (bacteria or viruses) responsible for communicable diseases. This was the beginning of medicine as we know it today, an era of great discovery. But the work of Koch and Pasteur were not well enough known; Major Reed, as a professor at the Army Medical School, served in a vital capacity teaching the new science of bacteriology. At the time of the Spanish American War, however, he was casting about for a position in the field which would allow him to put his knowledge of Army routines and sanitation to use for the benefit of soldiers in Cuba.


U.S. troops burying the dead, ca. 1898 (Photo by U. S. Army Signal Corps; print acquired by Philip S. Hench)

It was not until mid-August in 1898 when the war was already over that he had an opportunity to perform this valuable service. General Sternberg was then able to secure a board of officers headed by Major Reed to investigate the spread of typhoid fever. The Typhoid Board performed its greatest service through the discovery that this dread disease, prevalent at almost all U.S. Army encampments, was spread most commonly and disastrously by contact between persons and flies soiled with human excrement containing typhoid bacilli, by human carriers who shed bacilli by the billions, and by impure drinking water. This triumph for Army medicine demonstrated for the first time the effects of intestinal disease-producing agents (pathogens). It also pointed out the failure of out-dated diagnostic techniques. In some camps there were not even microscopes available for diagnostic purposes. The report of these findings passed with little notice, but it proved beyond all doubt that proper diagnosis required microscopic investigations and, in some cases, autopsies. Further, it served to dispel old notions that such diseases were caused by miasmas or foul emanations from swamps and rivers.

In May 1900 Major Reed was appointed president of a board whose purpose it was to study infectious diseases in Cuba paying particular attention to yellow fever. The other members of the board were Acting Assistant Surgeons Major James Carroll, Major Jesse W. Lazear and Major Aristides Agramonte of Havana. As a result of this Yellow fever Board, very few people living today have any knowledge of this dread disease.


James Carroll (1854-1907)

Yellow fever killed more men in the Spanish-American War than did the enemy. It appeared in Central America in 1596, probably imported from Africa by slave ships. It may have been the disease from which members of Columbus' second expedition suffered in 1495. Ninety epidemics struck the United States between 1596 and 1900. In 1793 an epidemic first hit Philadelphia, then the U.S. capital, causing the Government to flee as ten per cent of the population perished. Washington went to Mount Vernon while Jefferson fled the disorder caused by the onslaught of the disease. Because of frequent epidemics which destroyed ninety per cent of his expeditionary forces in 1802, Napoleon was influenced to sell the Louisianna Territory. It was chiefly because of "yellow jack," as the disease was nicknamed from the penant which was flown during quarantine, that the French were unable to complete the Panama Canal. The danger of contaminating the southern states was considered to be a major factor in the annexation of Cuba.



The onset of yellow fever came with chills and a headache. Then followed severe pains in the back, arms and legs accompanied by high fever and vomiting. The feverish stage might last hours, days, or weeks. Jaundice, from which the fever derives its name, might then appear. Then came the so-called "stage of calm" when the severity of the symptoms subsided and the fever dropped. In less serious cases this stage indicated recovery. But in the main, this stage was followed by a return of the fever accompanied by internal bleeding which caused the dreaded "black vomit" when blood released into the stomach was ejected.



Reed and Carroll had estimated that there were 300,000 cases in the United States between 1793 and 1900, which cost the nation almost $500,000,000 with a mortality rate usually at forty per cent but sometimes as high as eighty five per cent. The scourge of yellow fever had plagued the southeastern United States for two hundred years, but nowhere was it more prevalent than in Havana. Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg was this country's leading expert on yellow fever. Because neither he nor other researchers had been able to pinpoint the specific cause, he was astounded to hear the claim of Dr. Giuseppe Sanarelli, who in 1897 stated quite conclusively that the fever was caused by Bacillus icteroides.

[SAMWolf]

On June 25, 1901 Walter Reed arrived at Columbia Barracks in Quemados about six miles from Havana. Major Reed attended Major Jefferson R. Kean, Chief Surgeon of the Department of Western Cuba, who had himself contracted the disease and fortunately recovered. Then Doctor James Carroll and Major Reed set out enthusiastically to prove Sanaraelli's theory. By August, 1900 however they had found no causal relationship between Bacillus icteroides, a member of the hog-cholera group, and yellow fever.


Agramonte, Lazear, and Carroll at Camp Columbia Barracks, July-August 1900. It is likely that Reed was in the United States finishing the typhoid report when this photograph was taken (Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA).

The Board then turned its attention to the theory of Dr. Carlos Juan Finlay and examined it more carefully. For nineteen years this resident of Havana had contended that yellow fever was carried in the body of a common house mosquito which at that time was called Culex fasciatus, later Stegomyia fasciata,and is now known as Aedes aegypti. This theory had been expounded even earlier, but it was Finlay who was its staunchest exponent. However, after some 100 experimental innoculations had failed to produce any cases of the disease under strict laboratory control, Finlay was scoffed at; people referred to him as the "mosquito man." There was evidence, however, that tended to lend credence to this theory which even the Yellow Fever Board, optimistic though it was, had doubted. First of all, the disease skipped erratically from house to house, jumping around corners. One member of a household might contract the disease while others in close contact never became ill or did so after a period of about two weeks had elapsed. This was quite unlike any other infectious disease except malaria which had already been shown to be spread by the Anopheles mosquito.


Carlos J. Finlay (1833-1915).
Ridiculed by his associates as "The Mosquito Man," Finlay tried for nearly twenty years to win support for his theory (Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA).

The Board then decided that the best way to study yellow fever was not by searching for a specific agent but rather by identifying the means by which the fever was transmitted. For this purpose Major Reed organized the Board in the following manner: Major Reed himself was in charge of the entire project; Dr. James Carroll was in charge of bacteriology; Dr. Jesse W. Lazear was in charge of the experimental mosquitoes; and Dr. Aristedes Agramonte was in charge of pathology.

Dr. Lazear had recently been working with malarial mosquitoes and attacked his duties with great enthusiasm in view of the information he read concerning the observations of Dr. Henry R. Carter of the Marine Hospital Service (now the Public Health Service). Dr. Carter had observed that it took two or three weeks for the first case of yellow fever to produce the next case in a community. On the basis of this observation, he suspected that an insect might be the intermediary since this would account for the delay in transmission as the disease ripened in the mosquito. Dr. Finlay had given some of the black, cigar-shaped eggs to the Board, and Lazear allowed them to hatch. It wasn't difficult to maintain a supply since the mosquitoes bred in any clean, still water. Dr. Carroll then volunteered to be bitten and promptly developed a successful case of yellow fever which was experimentally defective since there may have been other sources of contamination. Carroll luckily recovered and went on with his work in bacteriology. Next, Lazear asked Private William Dean of Ohio if he would consent to be bitten. Answering that he wasn't "afraid of any little old gnat" Dean permitted the female Aedes aegypti to dine on him. He developed the first successful case and recovered. Dr. Lazear allowed himself to be bitten and, after several days of delirium and black vomit, died - a true martyr to science. He had been working in Las Animas Hospital in Havana.


Major Aristides Agramonte

Major Reed, although grieved at Lazear's death, was excited at the prospect of successfully tracking down the secret of the fever. Dr. Lazear's notebook, found by Lieutenant Albert E. Truby (later Brigadier General), yielded the key. In it, through the carefully recorded controlled experiments, Walter Reed found that in order for a mosquito to become infected, it had to bite a yellow fever patient during the first three days of his illness; only during that time was the agent present in the bloodstream. Further, it required at least twelve days for the agent to ripen in the female mosquito (only the female aegypti draws blood) and migrate to her salivary glands before the fever could be passed to another person.


Las Animas Hospital Ambulance, Havana, ca. 1900 (Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA)

In October 1900, Major Reed was able to announce to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association that "the mosquito serves as the intermediate host for the parasite of yellow fever."


Leonard Wood (1860-1927).
Americans considered Wood's administration in Cuba highly effective. In 1920, he nearly won the Republican nomination for president (Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps; print acquired by Philip S. Hench).

These two cases, although sufficient to convince the Yellow Fever Board that they were at last experiencing some success, were not enough for the thorough scientific mind of Walter Reed, nor would they be for a public which the press had instructed in the "foolishness" of the mosquito theory. With the express permission of General Leonard Wood, Governor General of Cuba, Camp Lazear, named for their fallen comrade, was established on November 20, 1900. Moreover, General Wood authorized the Board to use and pay American and Spanish volunteers for the experiments since at this time yellow fever was thought to be a disease afflicting only humans. Dr. Carroll had exhausted the list of experimental animals, rats and the like normally used for scientific research, failing to produce any cases of the fever in them. In addition to the mosquito theory, Dr. Reed also desired to disprove the seemingly fallacious belief that yellow fever could be transmitted and induced from clothing and bedding soiled by the excrement of yellow fever sufferers. These articles were known as fomites and were commonly thought to carry the disease. Just as "everybody knew" that the mosquito theory was foolish, so "everybody knew" that fomites were dangerous.

[SAMWolf]

In November, 1900, Camp Lazear was established one mile from Quemados and placed under strict quarantine. At this experimental station Private John R. Kissinger permitted himself to be bitten and promptly developed the first case of controlled experimental yellow fever. This case has been deemed as important to medical science as Robert Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus and the development of the diphtheria anti-toxin. Kissinger and John J. Moran had volunteered on condition that they would receive no gratuities, performing their service "solely in the interest of science and the cause of humanity."


Jesse W. Lazear (1866-1900)

Then, in order to prove the theory for all time and to destroy the fomite myth, two specially constructed buildings were erected in Camp Lazear. Building Number One, or the "Infected Clothing Building," was composed of one room, 14 x 20 feet heated by a stove to ninety-five degrees. For twenty nights Dr. Robert P. Cooke and Privates Folk and Jernegan hung offensive clothing and beefing around the walls. They slept on sheets and pillows befouled by the blood and vomit of yellow fever victims. Not one of the volunteers contracted the disease. On December 19, 1900, they were relieved by Privates Hanberry and England who, in turn, were finally relieved by Privates Hildebrand and Andrus. From November 30, 1900 to January 10, 1901 the experiment ran to completion, disproving the fomite theory of transmission and thereby demonstrating the uselessness of destroying the personal effects of yellow fever victims, thus saving thousands of dollars in property.


The first volunteer at Camp Lazear was Private John R. Kissinger. Kissinger, an Ohioan from Truby’s hospital corps, developed yellow fever on December 8, 1900, after being bitten by several infected mosquitoes. He recovered ten days later, but the disease left permanent damage. He was granted a disability discharge the following year. In 1910, Congress rewarded Kissinger with a $100 per month pension for his services (Photo in Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA).

The second building was similarly constructed and was called the "Infected Mosquito Building." It was divided into two parts separated by a screen with screens on the windows as well. Mr. John Moran, a clerk in General Fitzhugh Lee's office, was bitten by fifteen infected mosquitoes, developed the fever and recovered. The other volunteers who were separated, and thereby protected by the screen, escaped infection. Ten cases were produced in this manner.


Mr. John J. Moran, a civilian clerk in General Fitzhugh Lee’s headquarters, was bitten just six days after Kissinger, but he did not develop yellow fever. Moran later volunteered to be confined in Camp Lazear’s "Infected Mosquito Building." There he was bitten repeatedly by fifteen contaminated mosquitoes. On Christmas Day, 1900, he fell ill with yellow fever. Moran survived. Forty years later he assisted Dr. Philip S. Hench in his search for the actual site of Camp Lazear (Photo in Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA).

Yellow fever was produced in the bodies of twelve more American and Spanish volunteers either by direct mosquito bites or by injections of infected blood or blood serum. These injections proved that the specific agent of yellow fever is in the blood and that passage through the body of a mosquito is not necessary to its development.


Dr. Philip S. Hench with Mr. John J. Moran (right) at Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, January 1944. Moran was one of several volunteers to be bitten by infected Aedes mosquitoes at Camp Lazear (Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA).

The courage of the volunteers is inestimable. A unique honor helps keep alive the memory of the twenty-four gallant men who participated in this experiment. In 1929 Congress awarded a special gold medal to each man or his next of kin. Had it not been for Major Reed's fair and thoroughly scientific approach to the problem and misconceptions concerning the disease, especially the whole contagion theory, yellow fever might have continued for years. As a result of the Yellow Fever Board's success, Colonel William Crawford Gorgas, then Chief Sanitary Officer for the Department of Cuba, rid the island of this longtime pestilence. Realizing that the mosquitoes never stray far from human dwelling places in order to get their meals of blood necessary for them to lay their eggs, Colonel Gorgas organized inspection parties to check all homes in Havana for possible breeding places, insuring that the only standing water in the homes was needed for family use and properly screened. All other water receptacles were to be emptied. Later he applied the same techniques in the Canal Zone, freeing it of fever, permitting the United States to complete the Panama Canal so vital for commerce and deployment of the Pacific fleet. Thus the menace which had struck the United States every year since 1648, from Pensacola to Nantucket Island, was eradicated. There would be no more epidemics such as that in Memphis in 1878 which cost the country one hundred million dollars.


Hospital Corps Detachment at Camp Columbia, Havana, September 1900. Most of the volunteers for the yellow fever experiments came from this unit. Lt. Albert E. Truby, unit commander, is seated in the front row, second from left (Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA).

In February, 1901 Walter Reed returned to the United States where he was an instant success in medical circles. All through the acclaim he remained modest and reserved. His constant hope of doing something to relieve the suffering of mankind had been fulfilled; his dedication to duty, sound judgment, and thorough scientific methods was an inspiration to the deans of medical research.


"Conquerors of Yellow Fever"
In 1900, Major Walter Reed was given the responsibility of finding the cause of yellow fever and eliminating it. After many unsuccessful experiments, he decided to test an old but unproven theory that the disease was transmitted by mosquitos. Unfortunately, no animal was known to be susceptible to yellow fever at the time, so it was necessary to use human volunteers. In the painting, Dr. Lazear, who died a month later as a result of self-experimentation, is shown inoculating Dr. Carroll with an infected mosquito, The experiment proved conclusively that the mosquito was the carrier of yellow fever.

In the summer of 1901, Dr. Carroll proved that the specific agent of yellow fever was sub-microscopic and too small to be caught in the pores of the diatomaceous filter that retained bacteria. Thus the last key to the disease was found. Carroll had proved through a series of innoculations that a filterable virus could cause disease in man. The Board's discoveries were confirmed by the Board of Health of Havana and later a commission of the Pasteur Institute confirmed the agent's filterability. In 1927 it was found that certain species of monkeys were susceptible to the virus, thereby eliminating the need for human subjects. In 1937 a vaccine against yellow fever, called 17-D, was produced by scientists of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation. The use of this vaccine became routine in the United States Army in 1942. Since yellow fever is still endemic in the jungles of Central America and Africa where anti-mosquito measures are almost impossible, the fever still exists. A distinction is therefore made between "urban" yellow fever which is under control and the jungle variety which persists. As yet there is no cure for the disease, only innoculation against it.


Dr. Philip S. Hench with Walter Reed's wife, Ms. Emilie L. Reed (left), and daughter, Ms. Emilie "Blossom" Reed (right), examining Walter Reed's Congressional Medal, January 1942 (Hench-Reed Collection, CMHSL, UVA).

After his return to the United States in February, 1901, Dr. Reed served again as professor of pathology and bacteriology at the Columbian (George Washington) University Medical School and as professor of bacteriology in the Army Medical School (the present Walter Reed Army Institute of Research). In the summer of 1901 he was awarded two honorary degrees: a Master of Arts from Harvard University and a Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Michigan. He was appointed librarian of the Surgeon General's library on November 1, 1902. His duties sapped his strength and, following an appendectomy, he died of peritonitis on November 23, 1902. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. On his simple monument is inscribed the following epitaph, taken from the remarks of President Eliot when Harvard University conferred the Master of Arts degree: "He gave to man control over that dreadful scourge, yellow fever."

Additional Sources:

www.med.virginia.edu
wrair-www.army.mil
www.congressionalgoldmedal.com
www.personal.psu.edu
www.humanprint.com

[SAMWolf]

Today a great hospital and medical center stand in constant tribute to Walter Reed. Due to the untiring efforts of Colonel William Cline Borden who was the initiator, planner and effective mover for the creation, location, and first Congressional support of the Medical Center, it is still referred to today as "Borden's Dream." Walter Reed Army General Hospital, as it was then known, opened its doors on May 1, 1909 to ten patients. Fourteen years later, General John J. Pershing signed the War Department order creating the Army Medical Center. In September 1951, the entire complex of 100 rose-brick Georgian buildings became known as the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in further tribute to this hero of medical science. In 1945 he was elected to the Hall of Fame at New York University, the first physician to be so honored. On November 21, 1966, a bronze bust of Major Reed was unveiled at Walter Reed Army Medical Center by the Walter Reed Memorial Association, an organization which, since its inception in 1903, had resolved to erect a memorial in Washington to perpetuate his fame and memory.

[SAMWolf]

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[SAMWolf]

Thanks to FReeper I Got The Rope for suggesting this Thread

[snippy_about_it]

"FALL IN" to the FReeper Foxhole!



Good Monday Morning Everyone.

If you want to be added to our ping list, let us know.

[snippy_about_it]

Thanks for suggesting today's topic.

[Humal]

Very interesting article, Sam and Snippy.

Walter Reed Army Base is one of the bases set to be closed. I find it sad that they would close such a historical base, yet wonder if it's so out-dated it is a good thing. What is your opinion?

[Iris7]

Most pleasing to contemplate men who knew their duty and did it.

Thanks for telling their story. It should be taught in the second grade to all Americans.

[radu]

Good morning everyone!

To all our military men and women past and present, military family members, and to our allies who stand beside us
Thank You!

(((HUGZ))) all 'round!

[E.G.C.]

Good morning, Snippy and everyone at the foxhole.

[The Mayor]

September 5, 2005

Hard Labor

Read:
2 Thessalonians 3:7-13

Whatever you do, do it heartily, as to the Lord and not to men. —Colossians 3:23

Bible In One Year: 2 Chronicles 17-19

It's one of life's ironies that on Labor Day in the US and Canada, most of the workers get the day off. But that's for good reason. What better way to reward a hard-working populace than to give the laborers a holiday!

Labor Day seems like a good time to take a closer look at what it takes to offer our employers our best.

1. No matter what our task, it's our duty to work for God's glory (Colossians 3:23). In this sense, no job is better than another. Each should result in honor to God.

2. The way we work can earn the respect of those who do not follow Christ (1 Thessalonians 4:11-12). A boss shouldn't have to tell a Christian to use time well or to work hard.

3. Our work is one way to fulfill our dual purpose: to love God and others. Showing love to our co-workers is a good way to show that we love God (Matthew 22:37-40).

4. We must work to provide for those who depend on us. Harsh words of criticism are reserved for those who don't take care of their family (1 Timothy 5:8).

Having a job can be hard work. Even for those who truly enjoy their jobs, it's nice to have a Labor Day breather. But until the day comes when our work is over, our task is to make our labor a testimony to God's glory. —Dave Branon

Whatever you are working on,
Engage in it with zest,
Because your work is for the Lord,
And He expects your best. —Sper

It's not the hours you put in that count, but what you put in the hours.

FOR FURTHER STUDY
How Can I Find Satisfaction In My Work?

[alfa6]

Monday Morning Bump for the Freeper Foxhole

Hope everybody has a super day

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

[texianyankee]

Good Labor Day morning to everyone. Thanks for the interesting info on Walter Reed.
I havent kept up on this BRAC stuff, other than what I hear on the MSM. I understand Walter Reed is gonna be closed, but did I hear that there are plans to build a new Walter Reed II?

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone.
Happy Labor Day.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on September 05:
1187 Louis VIII [Coeur-de-Lion] king of France (1223-26)
1638 Louis XIV the great, king of France (1643-1715)
1791 Giacomo Meyerbeer Vogelsdorf Germany, composer (Golt Und Die Natur)
1847 Jesse James Missouri, outlaw
1875 Napoleon "Larry" Lajoie RI, hall of fame shortstop (.426 in 1901)
1892 Joseph Szigeti Budapest Hungary, violinist (Violinist Notebook 1933)
1901 Florence Elridge actress (Long Days Journey into the Night)
1902 Darryl F Zanuck Hollywood producer & motion picture executive
1905 Arthur Koestler Hungary, writer (Darkness at Noon)
1908 Joaqu¡n Nin-Culmell Berlin, Germany, Cuban/Spanish composer
1912 John Cage LA, Calif, composer (Silence) & fraud
1914 Gail Kubik South Coffeyville, Okla, composer (Gerald McBoing Boing)
1917 Jack Buetel Dallas Tx, actress (The Outlaw, Half Breed)
1921 Jack Valenti Pres of Motion Picture Assn of America
1923 Arthur C Nielsen market researcher (TV's Nielsen's Ratings)
1927 Paul Volcker Federal Reserve chairman
1929 Andrian G Nikolayev USSR, cosmonaut (Vostok III Soyuz 9)
1929 Bob Newhart Oak Park Ill, comedian (Bob Newhart Show, Newhart)
1934 Carol Lawrence Illinois, dancer/actress (Dean Martin Summer Show)
1935 Werner Erhard Phila, founded EST
1937 William Devane Albany NY, actor (Family Plot, Missles of October)
1939 John Stewart San Diego Ca, rocker (Kingston Trio-Fire in the Wind)
1940 Raquel Welch Chic Ill actress/5 star babe(Myra Breckenridge, 1,000,000 BC, 100 Rifles)
1942 Eduardo Mata Mexico City Mexico, conductor (Improvisaciones)
1945 Al Stewart Glasgow Scotland, rocker (The Year of the Cat)
1946 Freddie Mercury rock vocalist (Queen-We are the Champions)
1950 Cathy Guisewite cartoonist (Cathy)
1952 Graham Salmon blind runner (fastest 100m by a blind man)
1956 Steve Denton world's fastest tennis serve-138 mph)
1960 Willie Gault bob sledder/NFL receiver (Chicago Bears, LA Raiders)
1964 Kristian Alfonso actress (Days of our Lives, Falcon Crest)
1965 Christopher Nolan Ireland, handicapped writer (Under Eye of Clock)
1967 Michele Ebadi Omaha Nebraska, Miss Nebraska-America (1991)
1969 Dweezil Zappa rocker/son of Frank Zappa/MTV VJ

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Deaths which occurred on September 05:
1548 Catharine Parr (36), queen of England and last wife of Henry VIII, died
1566 Suleiman I, the Great Law Giver, sultan of Turkey
(1520-66), dies
1683 Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French Minister of Navy, dies
1859 W Friedrich Olivier, German landscape painter, dies
1877 Crazy Horse, [Tashunka Witko], last great Sioux war chief, dies
1969 Mitchell Ayres orch leader (Hollywood Palace), dies at 58
1980 Barbara Loden actress (Ernie Kovacs Show), dies at 48
1981 Ayatollah Ali Qoddusi prosecutor-general of Iran, assassinated
1995 James "Pigmeat" Jarrett, pianist, dies at 95
1997 Hungarian-born conductor Sir George Solti (b.1912) dies at age 84


1997 Mother Teresa (Gonxhe Bojaxhiu) (b.1910),dies of heart failure in Calcutta.

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Take A Moment To Remember
GWOT Casualties

Iraq
05-Sep-2004 4 | US: 4 | UK: 0 | Other: 0
US Private 1st Class Ryan Michael McCauley Baghdad (Sadr City) Hostile - hostile fire
US Staff Sergeant Gary A. Vaillant Khaldiyah (nr. Fallujah) - Anbar Hostile - hostile fire - IED attack
US Specialist Charles R. Lamb Log. Base Seitz (W. of Baghdad) Hostile - hostile fire - mortar attack
US Sergeant Shawna M. Morrison Log. Base Seitz (W. of Baghdad) Hostile - hostile fire - mortar attack



Afghanistan
A GOOD DAY


http://icasualties.org/oif/
Data research by Pat Kneisler
Designed and maintained by Michael White
//////////
Go here and I'll stop nagging.
http://soldiersangels.org/heroes/index.php

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On this day...
1519 2nd Battle of Tehuacingo, Mexico: Hernan Cortes vs Tlascala Aztecs
1622 Richelieu becomes Cardinal
1666 The Fire of London is extinguished after two days.
1774 1st Continental Congress assembles, in Philadelphia
1778 Gideon Olmstead and 3 fellow Americans take over the British sloop Active and sail it toward the New Jersey coast, where it was intercepted by the American brig Convention, owned by the state of Pennsylvania. A state court ruled the sloop a prize of the state. An appeals committee overturned the Philadelphia court. Olmstead spent the next 30 years fighting for his claim and won in 1808
1781 Battle of Virginia Capes, French defeat British, traps Cornwallis
1804 In a daring night raid, American sailors under Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, board the captured USS Philadelphia and burn the ship to keep it out of the hands of the Barbary pirates who captured her.
1836 Sam Houston elected president of the Republic of Texas
1867 The first shipment of cattle leaves Abilene, Kansas, on a Union Pacific train headed to Chicago.
1862 Lee crosses the Potomac & enters Maryland
1867 The first shipment of cattle left Abilene, Kansas, on a Union Pacific train headed to Chicago
1877 Southern blacks led by Pap Singleton settle in Kansas
1878 Bat Masterson, Wyatt Earp, Bill Tilghman and Clay Allison, four of the West's most famous gunmen, met in Dodge City, Kansas
1882 10,000 workers march in 1st Labor Day parade in NYC
1884 The Merritt brothers discover Iron ore in Minnesota's Mesabi Range (the largest deposit of iron ore in the world)
1885 1st gasoline pump is delivered to a gasoline dealer (Ft Wayne, Ind)
1900 France proclaims a protectorate over Chad
1901 National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues formed
1905 Treaty of Portsmouth USA, ends Russo-Japanese War
1906 1st legal forward pass (Brandbury Robinson to Jack Schneider)
1914 George Herman "Babe" Ruth hit his first minor league home run at Hanlan's Point Stadium in Toronto.
1914 Battle of Marne (WW I) begins
1918 Due to WW I, 15th World Series begins a month early
1922 Yankees final game at the Polo Grounds, after 7 years
1923 Flyweights Gene LaRue & Kid Pancho KO each other simultaneously
1925 112ø F, Centerville, Alabama (state record)
1927 Red Sox beat Yankees 12-11 in 18 innings
1936 Red Sox turn a triple-play on the Yankees
1944 Allies liberate Brussels
1944 "Mad Tuesday" 65,000 Dutch nazi collaborators flee to Germany
1946 Joe Garagiola plays his 1st major league baseball game
1953 1st privately operated atomic reactor-Raleigh NC
1956 20 die in a train crash in Springer NM
1957 "On the Road" by author Jack Kerouac was first published.
1958 "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak published in the US
1958 1st color video recording on magnetic tape presented, Charlotte NC
1960 Cassius Clay captures the olympic light heavyweight gold medal
1960 President Kasavubu fires PremierLumumba of Congo
1961 President Kennedy signs law against hijacking (death penalty)
1968 21 killed by hijackers aboard a Pan Am jet in Karachi Pakistan
1970 Estimated 6" of rainfall, Bug Point, Utah (state record)
1971 NY Mets Don Hahn hits 1st inside the park homer at Phillies Vet


1972 11 Israeli athletes are slain at Munich Olympics


1972 Chemical spill with fog sickens hundreds in Meuse Valley Belgium
1975 Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme attempts to assassinate Ford in Sacramento
1975 Wings release "Letting Go"
1977 Cleveland Indians stage 1st "I hate the Yankee Hanky Night"
1977 Voyager 1 (US) launched toward fly-by of Jupiter, Saturn
1978 Sadat, Begin & Carter began peace conference at Camp David, Md
1979 Earl of Mountbatten funeral held in Bruma
1980 World's longest auto tunnel, St Gotthard in Swiss Alps, opens
1982 Eddie Hill sets propeller-driven boat water speed record of 229 mph
1983 8th Space Shuttle Mission-Challenger 3-lands at Edwards AFB
1983 Elmer Trettr sets record for highest terminal velocity at 201.34 mph end of a 440 yard motorcycle run from a standing start
1984 12th Space Shuttle Mission (41-D) -Discovery 1- lands at Edwards AFB
1988 Jerry Lewis' 23rd Labor Day telethon raises record $41,132,113
1988 CFL's Earl Winfield (Ham) scores TDs on 101-yd punt return, 100-yd kickoff return & 58-yd pass reception
1989 Deborah Norville becomes news anchor of the Today Show
1990 Iraqi Pres Saddam Hussein urges Arabs to rise against the West
1991 Actor John Travolta weds Kelly Preston
1991 US trial of former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega begins
1994 U.N.-sponsored population conference opened in Cairo, Egypt, Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland lashes out at the Vatican and at Muslim fundamentalists by defending abortion rights and sex education.
1996 Computer scientists discover the largest known prime number while testing a Cray T94 computer system. 378,632 digits and can be expressed as two to the 1,257,787th power minus 1.
1996 Astronomers using the Hubble space telescope discovered a galaxy under construction. They say 18 gigantic star clusters were packed within a space just 2 million light years across and apparently on the verge of forming a brand new galaxy. Light from the event originated 11 billion years ago.
2002 Illinois Judge Harold Frobish of Livingston County rules that prison inmates can choose to starve themselves rather than endure years of solitary confinement and that right outweighs the state's duty to keep them alive.

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Iran : Iman Ali Day
Namibia, South Africa : Settlers' Day ( Monday )
Swaziland Independence Day (Britain 1968) or Somhlolo/The National Holiday of Swaziland.
US, Canada, Guam, Virgin Islands : Labor Day (1894)
Kiss a Bald Head Week (Day 2)
Mental Health Workers Week
Cable Television Month.

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Religious Observances
Buddhist-Laos : Buddhist Holiday
Christian : St Laurence Justinian, bishop of Venice, confessor
Feast of St. Onesiphorus, martyr.
Feast of St. Zachariah, minor prophet of the Old Testament.

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Religious History
1692 At Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Colonial clergyman Increase Mather, 53, received the first Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD) degree to be awarded in America.
1810 The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was formally organized by the Congregational churches of New England at Farmington, Connecticut.
1870 Three Roman Catholic universities were founded in the United States on this exact same date: St. John's in New York City, Loyola in Chicago, and Canisius in Buffalo, New York.
1888 American baseball player-turned-evangelist Billy Sunday, 26, married Helen Thompson, 20. In later years she became affectionately known as "Ma Sunday," and became his evangelistic campaign advisor. She survived Billy (d.1935) by 22 years.
1950 Baptist Bible College was founded in Springfield, MO, under auspices of the Baptist Bible Fellowship. With an enrollment of over 2,000, it is today one of the largest Bible colleges in America.

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Man becomes world belly-flop champion
September 05, 2005

YOU need a tough backside and points are awarded for hiding your pain when you flop into the water - welcome to the weird world of 'dive-bombing'.
The event in a swimming pool in the western German town of Heilbronn actually only attracted competitors from Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands, although organisers are convinced the 'sport' is spreading fast.
Unlike Olympic diving, in which medals are awarded for slicing through the surface without so much as a ripple, the name of the game in dive-bombing is to make as much noise and spray as possible when you hit the water.
"The kids here are freaks. Dive-bombing is an extreme sport," said the man who dreamed up the world championships, 36-year-old Oliver Schill.

Competitors had three attempts from the 10-metre board, including one classic backside-first dive and two 'freestyle' attempts.
It looked painful - and it was.

The winner was Simon Gfeller from the Swiss town of Muensingen who produced a dive comprising four turns and then a spectacular landing on his face - he won extra points from the judges for hiding his discomfort.
A German dive-bombing coach, Helmut Huenerfauth, is convinced the new sport is here to stay.
"All over the place there are groups of people getting together who just want to get their backsides flayed," he said.

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Thought for the day :
"It is not how much we do, but how much love we put in the doing.
It is not how much we give, but how much love we put in the giving."
Mother Teresa

[Wneighbor]

Good morning Radu!

I made it through your state a couple of times this summer and thought about you! It made it a more interesting trip traveling around and knowing that I knew Freepers from the states I was going through. :-) I was riding with a truck driver cousin just so I could see the country. He got used to me saying - I know somebody from here. He thinks I really get out and about a lot now - knowing people from so many states. I would tell him I knew these people from Free Republic and he would say - you don't really known them then. And then I would tell him little things I knew about different people and he'd be surprised and said it sounded like these were all my FRIENDS! :-)

[Wneighbor]

Morning Snippy. :-)

I'm not laboring today - how bout you?

But, I did send a resume to a place from Monster. That about sums up my observance of Labor Day - other than relaxing. :-)

[I got the rope]

I must admit that the idea did not originate with me.

A week or so a ago my friend Wendell and I had breakfast with a my neighbor , Dr. Richard M. Kafka. I suppose the evening news had been filled with the announcement that Walter Reed Medical Center would be closed down. Dr. Kafka made it a topic of conversation over breakfast.

Incidently, he was former Army doctor during WWII, and he a was radiologist.

He asked us if we knew anything about Major Reed. We had to claim ignorance. Dr. Kafka then put down his knife and fork and commenced to lightly berate us (I think he made some comments about public schools under his breath); he then began to give us a history lesson on the accomplishments of Major Reed, Col. Gorgas, and the entire US Army Medical Corp.

I was astonished by this man's knowledge and passion for his chosen profession. He has not practiced medicine in over 25 years, but he was still sharp as a tack. He body might be failing him, but his mind is not.

Thank you for this thread. I hope to share it with Dr. Kafka very soon.

[Professional Engineer]

Good morning ladies. Flag-o-Gram.