The FReeper Foxhole Remembers War of Jenkins' Ear (1739 -1743) - Feb. 3, 2005

www.georgiaencyclopedia.org ^ | 2/13/2003 | Julie Anne Sweet

[SAMWolf]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.

.................................................................. .................... ...........................................

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War of Jenkins' Ear

Although the War of Jenkins' Ear remains a minor episode in early American history, it has much significance for colonial Georgia.

The conflict between the Spanish and English over the land between South Carolina and Florida lasted for nearly two centuries, but once formal hostilities began in 1739—only six years after Georgia's founding—the survival of the colony hung in the balance. A combination of defeats and victories preserved Georgia, but for a time the colony's preservation seemed a dim hope.

The pickled ear of Captain Robert Jenkins became a rallying point for Englishmen eager to challenge Spanish power in the New World. The 1738 satirical cartoon depicts Prime Minister Robert Walpole swooning when confronted with the Spanish-sliced ear, which led to the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739.

Causes of the war centered on disputed land claims, but the conflict was not limited to land. Shipping on the high seas also suffered frequent interruption from acts of piracy by both sides. One particular incident gave the confrontation its name: a Spanish privateer severed British captain Robert Jenkins's ear in 1731 as punishment for raiding Spanish ships. Jenkins presented the ear to Parliament, and the outraged English public demanded retribution. Throughout the 1730s, diplomatic attempts between England and Spain occurred in Europe and America, but they only served to increase the animosity that led to war in late 1739.


James Oglethorpe
James Oglethorpe defended the new colony of Georgia militarily, holding the titles of general and commander in chief.

General James Oglethorpe made several passes into Florida in January 1740 and seized two Spanish forts, Fort Picolata and Fort San Francisco de Pupo, west of St. Augustine, Florida, along the St. Johns River. He began a strike against the fort at St. Augustine in May 1740, but the campaign was a failure. Oglethorpe wanted to seize the fort before Spanish supplies or reinforcements could arrive, but problems with multiple commanders and diverse forces resulted in disorganization, spoiling his advantage of surprise. Oglethorpe settled for a traditional siege of the fort but failed to coordinate his land and naval forces. By early July he discontinued the attack, retreated to Fort Frederica, and waited for a Spanish invasion.


Attack on Spanish Fleet
Once formal hostilities began in 1739 between the Spanish and English over the land between South Carolina and Florida, shipping on the Atlantic Ocean suffered frequent interruption from acts of piracy by both sides. These skirmishes escalated into the War of Jenkins' Ear and the Battle of Bloody Marsh.

That assault came in the summer of 1742. After landing on the southern tip of St. Simons Island, the Spanish assembled for an attack on Frederica.

English rangers encountered a scouting party, and Oglethorpe led the charge against the Spanish soldiers, who hastily fled the scene. While Oglethorpe returned to Frederica, his men fortified the road to the fort to prevent further incursions. A second skirmish ensued, an event later known as the Battle of Bloody Marsh, when the Spanish advanced another regiment. English forces sent the Spanish fleeing to the coastline and from there retreating to St. Augustine. Oglethorpe prepared another offensive upon the fort at St. Augustine in March 1743, but his efforts had little result and represented the last episode of the war on the Georgia-Florida border. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle in 1748 returned all colonial claims to previous owners, and the two nations unofficially agreed upon the St. Johns River as the boundary between Georgia and Florida.


Fort Frederica
Designed to defend the southern frontier from the continued presence of Spanish colonials in the American Southeast, Fort Frederica on St. Simons Island served as the British military headquarters in colonial America

On the surface this conflict appears to have been of minimal consequence to colonial history, but to Georgia it represented a struggle for existence. Settlers cooperated with Indian forces to repel Spanish threats and ultimately enjoyed success despite early defeats. The colony fulfilled its original purpose as a buffer for British North America against foreign attacks and solidified English claims on the continent. International wars for the empire continued, but Georgia remained in English possession due to the efforts of Oglethorpe and his troops during the War of Jenkins' Ear.

Thanks to Freeper Par35 for suggesting and researching this thread

[SAMWolf]

Battle of Bloody Marsh

On July 7, 1742, English and Spanish forces skirmished on St. Simons Island in an encounter later known as the Battle of Bloody Marsh. This event was the only Spanish attempt to invade Georgia during the War of Jenkins' Ear, and it resulted in a significant English victory. General James Oglethorpe redeemed his reputation from his defeat at St. Augustine, Florida, two years earlier, and the positive psychological effects upon his troops, settlers, other colonists, and the English populace rallied them to the cause to preserve Georgia.

In the 1742 Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simons Island, General Oglethorpe's soldiers defeated Spanish forces in what was the only Spanish invasion of Georgia during the War of Jenkins' Ear. The battle earned its name from its location rather than from the number of casualties, which were minimal.

Led by Don Manuel de Montiano, governor of St. Augustine, the Spanish organized an invasion of Georgia in mid-June 1742 with approximately 4,500 to 5,000 soldiers.

Weather hampered their progress by sea, and Oglethorpe learned of their impending arrival; he prepared the defenses of St. Simons Island accordingly. He established a fort on the island, on a high bluff overlooking the Frederica River, to protect Darien and Savannah from a Spanish invasion. His forces included a mixture of rangers, British regulars, Southeastern Indians, and local citizens, but his total forces numbered less than a thousand men. The Spanish landed on the southern tip of the island during the afternoon and evening of July 5 and used the nearby Fort St. Simons as their headquarters during the campaign.


Oglethorpe's message intercepted

Early on the morning of Wednesday, July 7, several Spanish scouts advanced northward toward Fort Frederica to assess the landscape and plan their attack. They met a body of English rangers at approximately nine o'clock, and the two units exchanged shots. Oglethorpe learned of the engagement, mounted a horse, and galloped to the scene, followed by reinforcements. He charged directly into the Spanish line, which scattered when the additional forces arrived. Oglethorpe posted a detachment to defend his position and returned to Frederica to prevent another Spanish landing on the northern coast and to recruit more men.

During midafternoon of the same day, the Spanish sent more troops into the region,


Oglethorpe's Highlanders Open Fire at Battle of Bloody Marsh, July 7, 1742

and the English forces fired upon them from behind the heavy cover of brush in the surrounding marshes. This ambush, coupled with mass confusion within the smoke-filled swamp, resulted in another Spanish defeat despite Oglethorpe's absence. This second engagement earned its name the Battle of Bloody Marsh from its location rather than from the number of casualties, which were minimal, especially on the English side (about fifty men, mostly Spanish, were killed). The Spanish left the island on July 13.


Spaniards fired at by the Highlanders

The consequences of this battle were considerable. The brave stand by Oglethorpe's men restored their confidence because the Spanish no longer seemed indestructible. Conversely, the morale of the Spanish suffered greatly, resulting in retreat and a reluctance to undertake future campaigns into the region. Oglethorpe's daring actions and use of effective tactics reestablished his military leadership. On an imperial level, citizens throughout the colonies and in the homeland rejoiced at the repulse of the Spanish invasion of British North America. This decisive English victory represented the last major Spanish offensive into Georgia

[SAMWolf]

Frederica: Fort and Town

Oglethorpe founded the colony of Georgia in 1733. Initially the colony’s purpose was a social experiment, as a place where England’s debtors could receive a second chance (see Trustee Georgia). This goal remains a powerful myth today; however the reality was far different. Only eleven debtor families ended up in Georgia. The trustees realized early on that the new colony required people with specific skills. At Fort Frederica this meant people who could provide products or services of use to the soldiers of the garrison.


Town Plan of Frederica, 1742

Oglethorpe was aware that the Spanish considered this land part of their territory of Florida. In fact the Spanish had established at least two Franciscan missions on St. Simon’s Island during the previous century. To prevent the Spanish from reclaiming this land he established Ft. Frederica on St. Simon’s Island in 1736.

(Note: Frederica was named for the Prince of Wales, Frederick Louis (1702-1754), the name was feminized to distinguish it from Fort Frederick in South Carolina.)



Ft. Frederica was a military outpost consisting of a fort and town. The entire 40 acre area was fortified with a palisade wall and earthen rampart. The fort itself consisted of a square structure with three diamond-shaped bastions and a projecting spur battery (now washed away). The fort’s location on a bend in the Frederica River allowed it to control approaches by enemy ships.



Frederica town followed the traditional pattern of an English village. Similar in style if not in scale to Williamsburg, VA, its house lots contained gardens and outbuildings. Additional acreage elsewhere on the island was available for growing crops.



Oglethorpe’s foresight in establishing Frederica was rewarded in 1742 when (during the War of Jenkins Ear) Spanish forces from St. Augustine, FL and Havana, Cuba landed on St. Simons Island. Two battles followed: Gully Hole Creek and Bloody Marsh, in which the British forces prevailed, confirming that the new colony of Georgia would be British.

Additional Sources:

www.nps.gov
www.cviog.uga.edu
www.sip.armstrong.edu

[SAMWolf]

James Edward Oglethorpe (1696-1785)


James Oglethorpe
James Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, was a forward-thinking visionary who demonstrated great skill as a social reformer and military leader. This portrait is a copy of Oglethorpe University's oval portrait of Oglethorpe, which was painted in 1744. The portrait was discovered in England by Thornwell Jacobs and brought back to Atlanta to hang in the president's office at Oglethorpe University.

As visionary, social reformer, and military leader, James Oglethorpe conceived of and implemented his plan to establish the colony of Georgia. It was through his initiatives in England in 1732 that the British government authorized the establishment of its first new colony in North America in more than five decades. Later that year he led the expedition of colonists that landed in Savannah early in 1733. Oglethorpe spent most of the next decade in Georgia, where he directed the economic and political development of the new colony, defended it militarily, and continued to generate support and recruit settlers in England and other parts of Europe.

Oglethorpe was born on December 22, 1696, in London, England; he was the tenth and last child of Eleanor and Theophilus Oglethorpe.

Oglethorpe eventually lived to see the colony that he founded become part of the United States of America. Though the historical record is silent as to how he felt about the American Revolution, it is known that on June 4, 1785, Oglethorpe met with John Adams, the first U.S. ambassador to Great Britain, and expressed "great esteem and regard for America."

After a brief illness Oglethorpe died on June 30, 1785—just six months shy of his eighty-ninth birthday. He was buried in a vault beneath the chancel floor of the Parish Church of All Saints, which stands immediately adjacent to Cranham Hall. Upon her death two years later, Elizabeth was interred in the same tomb.

Georgians still remember James Edward Oglethorpe in many ways. His name adorns a county, two cities, a university, and numerous schools, streets, parks, and businesses. In paying tribute to Oglethorpe, however, Georgians can perhaps best honor his memory by remembering him as a man who wouldn't quit and who lived by the simple but profound philosophy that life is not about self, but about others.

[SAMWolf]

Veterans for Constitution Restoration is a non-profit, non-partisan educational and grassroots activist organization. The primary area of concern to all VetsCoR members is that our national and local educational systems fall short in teaching students and all American citizens the history and underlying principles on which our Constitutional republic-based system of self-government was founded. VetsCoR members are also very concerned that the Federal government long ago over-stepped its limited authority as clearly specified in the United States Constitution, as well as the Founding Fathers' supporting letters, essays, and other public documents.

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We here at Blue Stars For A Safe Return are working hard to honor all of our military, past and present, and their families. Inlcuding the veterans, and POW/MIA's. I feel that not enough is done to recognize the past efforts of the veterans, and remember those who have never been found.

I realized that our Veterans have no "official" seal, so we created one as part of that recognition. To see what it looks like and the Star that we have dedicated to you, the Veteran, please check out our site.

Veterans Wall of Honor

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UPDATED THROUGH APRIL 2004



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[GailA]

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[The Mayor]

February 3, 2005

The Right Light

Read:
1 John 1:1-7

He put the lampstand in the tabernacle of meeting, across from the table, on the south side of the tabernacle. -Exodus 40:24

Bible In One Year: Exodus 21-24

Eating in the dark is no fun. Low light in a restaurant is one thing; eating in a room with no light at all is another. The same is true in our walk with God. Unless we take advantage of the light He gives, we will miss seeing what He is doing for us.

We have an Old Testament picture of this-the tabernacle. As the priest entered a room called the Holy Place, he could see only by the light of a golden lampstand (Exodus 25:31-40). Like everything else in the room, it had been carefully fashioned according to the pattern God gave Moses (v.40).

The lampstand is a picture of spiritual light. The gold speaks of value. The oil symbolizes the Holy Spirit. The six branches coming out from the center shaft portray unity in plurality. The symbol of the almond blossom is linked to God's anointed priesthood (Numbers 17:1-8). When all this is combined with a New Testament reference that uses a golden lampstand to represent the church (Revelation 1:20), we have the complete picture. God gives light through the Spirit, who works through His congregation of anointed people (1 Peter 2:9).

Yes, the Holy Spirit provides us with the light we need. Are we daily spending time in prayer and reading God's Word so that we can take advantage of it? -Mart De Haan

Holy Ghost, with light divine,
Shine upon this heart of mine;
Chase the shades of night away,
Turn my darkness into day. -Reed

The light of God's holiness convicts the sinner and guides the saint.

FOR FURTHER STUDY
Free In The Spirit
Why Would Anyone Want To Be Holy?

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone.

[Valin]

On This day in history


Birthdates which occurred on February 03:
1368 Charles VI King of France (1380-1422)
1805 Otto T Freiherr von Manteuffel premier Prussia
1807 Joseph E Johnston General (Commander army of Tennessee)
1807 Joseph Eggleston Johnston General (Confederate Army), died in 1891
1809 Felix Mendelssohn, German composer and pianist (Overture to a Midsummer Night's Dream).
1811 Horace Greeley editor ("Go west, young man")
1817 Samuel Ryan Curtis Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1866
1820 Elisha Kent Kane US arctic explorer (Kane Basin off NW Greenland)
1821 Elizabeth Blackwell Bristol England, 1st woman physician
1823 Spencer F Baird US biologist (Wood's Hole Station)
1824 George Thomas "Tige" Anderson Brigadier General (Confederate Army)
1824 Nathan George "Shanks" Evans Brigadier General (Confederacy), died in 1868
1831 Cyrus Ballou Comstock Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1910
1874 Gertrude Stein Pennsylvania, author (Autobiography of Alice B Toklas)
1883 Clarence Mulford Illinois, western writer (Hopalong Cassidy)
1890 Heinrich Barth Swiss philosopher (Problem des Bösen)
1894 Norman Rockwell US, artist/illustrator (Sat Evening Post covers)
1899 Forrest "Red" DeBernardi basketball hall of famer (elected 1961)
1904 Charlie "Pretty Boy" Floyd (Oklahoma knew him well)
1907 James A Michener New York NY, writer (Tales of the South Pacific, Centennial, Chesapeake, Hawaii, Space)
1918 Joey Bishop [Gottlieb], Bronx, comedian/talk show host (Joey Bishop Show)
1922 Jean-Pierre Rampal flutist (Italian Flute Concertos)
1926 Arthur Arfons auto racer/designer (Green Monster 1964-536.71 MPH)
1926 Shelley Berman Chicago IL, actor/comedian (Son of the Blob, Love American Style)
1935 Johnny "Guitar" Watson rock guitarist
1938 Victor Buono San Diego CA, actor
1940 Fran Tarkenton Richmond VA, NFL quarterback (New York Giants, Minnesota Vikings)
1943 Blythe Danner Philadelphia PA, actress (Butterflies are Free)
1945 Bob Griese NFL quarterback (Miami Dolphins, 1971 Player of Year)
1947 Dave Davies London, rock vocalist/guitarist (Kinks-Lola)
1950 Morgan Fairchild [Patsy McClenny], Dallas TX, actress (Falcon Crest, Flamingo Road)
1958 Joe Frank Edwards Jr Richmond VA, Commander USN/astronaut (STS 89)

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Deaths which occurred on February 03:
0474 Leo I Byzantine Emperor (457-74), dies
1399 John of Gaunt duke of Lancaster/king of Castile & León, dies at 58
1451 Murad II sultan of Turkey (1421-51), dies
1558 Alfonsus de Castro Spanish theologist (council of Trente), dies
1832 George Crabbe English vicar/poet (Borough), dies at 77
1889 Belle Starr US female gangster, murdered at 40
1909 Johann Georg Herzog composer, dies at 86
1924 Woodrow Wilson 28th President (1913-21), dies at his home in Washington at 67
1943 Alexander Goode rabbi who surrendered his life jacket, drowns
1945 Roland Freisler German Nazi judge (July 20th plotter case), dies
1958 Henry Kuttner sci-fi author (Dark World, As You Were), dies at 42
1959 The Big Bopper [Jiles Perry Richardson] rocker (Chantilly Lace), dies in a plane crash in Iowa at 28
1959 Buddy Holly rocker (That'll be the Day), dies in a plane crashi Iowa at 22
1959 Richie Valens rock vocalist (Donna, La Bamba), killed in plane crash in Iowa at 17
1989 John Cassavetes actor/director (Husbands, Dirty Dozen), dies at 59
1991 Nancy Kulp actress (Jane Hathaway-Beverly Hillbillies), dies at 69
1996 Audrey Meadows actress (Alice-Honeymooners), dies at 69
1997 William Geoffrey Biddle bomb disposal expert, dies at 79
1998 Karla Faye Tucker murderer, executed at 38

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1966 BROWN WILBUR R.---WILMINGTON NC.
[NO RADIO CONTACT CRASH SITE UNCONFIRMED]
1966 CARTER JAMES L.---PASADENA CA.
[NO RADIO CONTACT CRASH SITE UNCONF]
1966 COFFEE GERALD L.---LOS ANGELES CA.
[02/12/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1966 HANSON ROBERT T.---TOLEDO OH.
[REMAINS RETURNED-IDENTIFIED 02/22/89]
1966 PARSLEY EDWARD M.---NAUGATUCK WV.
[NO RADIO CONTACT CRASH SITE UNCONF]
1966 WALLER THERMAN M.---WYNNE AR.
[NO RADIO CONTACT CRASH SITE UNCONF]
1967 JOHNSON AUGUST D.---HOUSTON TX.
[BLOWN UP BY GRENADE IN BOAT]
1968 ANDERSON JOHN T.---NIAGARA FALLS NY.
[03/05/73 RELEASED BY PRG, DECEASED]
1968 CAYER MARC---CANADA
[INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICE RELEASED 13 FEB 1973]
1968 DEERING JOHN A.---NASHVILLE TN.
[03/05/73 RELEASED BY PRG, ALIVE IN 98]
1968 DI BERNARDO JAMES V.---FULTON NY.
[03/05/73 RELEASED BY PRG, ALIVE IN 1998]
1968 DIERLING EDWARD A.
[02/23/68 ESCAPED]
1968 DAVES GARY L.
[03/16/73 RELEASED BY PRG]
1968 ETTMUELLER HARRY L.---PLEASANTVILLE NJ.
[03/05/73 RELEASED BY PRG, ALIVE AND WELL 99]
1968 GOUIN DONAT J.---FORT KNOX KY.
[03/05/73 RELEASED BY PRG, ALIVE IN 98]
1968 HAYHURST ROBERT A.---NEW RICHMOND WI.
[02/23/68 ESCAPED]
1968 JOHNS VERNON Z.---BALTIMORE MD.
[REMAINS RETURNED 89]
1968 WIGGINS WALLACE L.---WHITTIER CA.
[08/24/78 REMAINS RETURNED]
1968 WILSON MARION E.---ZANESVILLE OH.
1971 GOTNER NORBERT A.---KANSAS CITY KS.
[03/29/73 RELEASED BY PL, ALIVE IN 98]
1971 STANDERWICK ROBERT L. SR.---MANKATO KS.
1973 STRINGHAM WILLIAM STERLIN---GARDEN GROVE CA.

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
1160 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa hurtles prisoners, including children, at the Italian city of Crema, forcing its surrender.
1238 The Mongols take over Vladimir, Russia
1377 Cardinal Robert of Geneva (anti-pope Clemens VII) starts term
1377 Mass execution of population of Cesena Italy
1547 Russian czar Ivan IV (17) marries Anastasia Romanova
1576 Henry of Navarre (future Henry IV) escapes from Paris
1591 German monarchy forms Protestant Union of Torgau
1660 General Moncks army reaches London
1690 1st paper money in America issued (colony of Massachusetts)
1740 Charles de Bourbon, King of Naples, invites Jews to return to Sicily
1743 Philadelphia establishes a "pesthouse" to quarantine immigrants
1752 Dutch States-General forbid export of windmills
1783 Spain recognizes US independence
1809 Territory of Illinois organizes (including present-day Wisconsin)
1815 World's 1st commercial cheese factory established, in Switzerland
1836 Whig Party holds its 1st national convention (Albany NY)
1855 Wisconsin Supreme Court declares US Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional
1867 Prince Mutsuhito, 14, becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan (1867-1912)
1870 15th Amendment (Black suffrage) passed
1876 Albert Spalding with $800 starts sporting goods company, manufacturing 1st official baseball, tennis ball, basketball, golf ball, & football
1882 Circus owner PT Barnum buys his world famous elephant Jumbo
1887 To avoid disputed national elections, Congress creates Electoral Count Act
1894 1st US steel sailing vessel, Dirigo, launched, Bath ME
1899 -16º F, Minden LA (state record)
1908 Supreme Court rules a union boycott violates Sherman Antitrust Act
1913 16th Amendment, federal income tax, ratified
1916 Canada's original Parliament building, in Ottawa, burns down
1917 US liner Housatonic sunk by German sub & diplomatic relations severed
1919 League of Nations 1st meeting (Paris)
1919 Socialist conference convenes (Berne Switzerland)
1924 Alexei Ryko elected as President of People's commission (succeeds Lenin)
1930 William Howard Taft, resigns as chief justice for health reasons
1930 Vietnamese Communist Party forms
1931 Arkansas legislature passes motion to pray for soul of H L Mencken after he calls the state the "apex of moronia"
1941 Supreme Court upheld Federal Wage & Hour law, sets minimum wages & maximum hours
1942 1st Japanese air raid on Java
1942 Baseball owners agree to permit each club up to 14 night games in 1942
1943 4 chaplains drown after giving up their life jackets to others
1945 Walt Disney's "The 3 Caballeros" released
1945 Almost 1000 Flying Fortresses drop 3000 ton bombs on Berlin
1947 -81ºF, Snag Yukon (North American record)
1950 Nuclear physicist Klaus Fuchs arrested on spy charges
1951 Largest purse to date in horse racing, $144,323, won by Great Circle
1953 J Fred Muggs, a chimp, becomes a regular on NBC's Today Show
1957 Patty Berg win LPGA Havana Golf Open
1958 Royal Teens' "Short Shorts" enters Top 40 chart & peaks at #3
1959 The day he music died
1962 President Kennedy bans all trade with Cuba except for food & drugs
1964 "Meet the Beatles" album goes Gold
1965 Orbiting Solar Observatory 2 launches into Earth orbit (552/636 km)
1965 105 USAF cadets resigned for cheating on exams
1966 1st soft landing on the Moon (Soviet Luna 9)
1967 "Purple Haze" recorded by Jimi Hendrix
1969 The Palestine National Congress appointed Yasser Arafat head of PLO
1973 Dr Hook's "Cover of "Rolling Stone" enters Top 40 & peaks at #6
1973 President Nixon signs Endangered Species Act into law
1979 Minnesota Twin trade Rod Carew to California for 4 players
1979 "YMCA" by Village People peaks at #2 on pop singles chart
1980 Muhammed Ali tours Africa as President Carter's envoy
1980 Larry Holmes TKOs Lorenzo Holmes in 6 for heavyweight boxing title
1982 Greatest helicopter lift, 56,888 kg, Podmoscovnoe, USSR
1984 1st baby conceived by embryo transplant born in Long Beach CA
1987 San Diego Yacht Club celebrates return of America's Cup
1989 Military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay
1990 Jockey Billy Shoemaker (58), retires after 40,350 horse races
1990 New York Met Darryl Strawberry voluntarily enters Smither Center for Alcohol rehabilitation..again..and again...and again
1993 Cincinnati Reds owner Marge Schott suspended for 1 year due to racist comments
1993 Federal trial of 4 police officers charged with civil rights violations in videotaped beating of Rodney King begins in Los Angeles CA
1994 President Bill Clinton lifts US trade embargo against Vietnam
1998 Mary Kay LeTourneau, 36, former teacher, violates probation with 14 year-old father of her baby
1998 US military plane clips cable car lines in northern Italy, kills 20
2001 The 8-member XFL football league, created by WWF guru Vince McMahon, made its debut on NBC...(and promptly died)
2003 Phil Spector (62), rock-n-roll producer, was arrested in LA for murder after Lana Clarkson (40) was found dead in his mansion.
2004 Oregon voters rejected $800 million in tax increases setting up a new round of cuts in services. (Sun raises in the east, children laugh, people go to work,...)

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Japan : Bean throwing Festival/Setsubun (last day of lunar calendar winter)
Paraguay : Patron's Day/San Blas, patrón
Puerto Rico : Fiesta de San Blas, protector of harvest (316)
Switzerland : Homstrom-celebrates end of winter ( Sunday )
US : Crime Prevention Week (Day 4)
US : 4 Chaplains Memorial Day
US : Flush Toilet Day
US : Muffin Mania Week (Day 44)
Community College Month

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Religious Observances
Roman Catholic : Memorial of St Blase, bishop of Sebaste, Armenia, martyr (opt)
Christian : Feast of St Laurentius, 2nd archbishop of Canterbury (604-619)
Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran : Memorial of Anskar, Hamburg archbishop, Denmark/Sweden

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Religious History
1518 Pope Leo X imposed silence on the Augustinian monks.
1744 Colonial missionary to the American Indians David Brainerd explained in a tract: 'God designs that those whom He sanctifies...shall tarry awhile in this present evil world, that their own experience of temptations may teach them how great the deliverance is, which God has wrought for them.'
1864 In Columbus, Ohio, a fellowship of independent Methodist, Presbyterian, Congregational and United Brethren churches organized itself into a separate Protestant denomination known as the Christian Union.
1943 The Allied troopship S.S. Dorchester was torpedoed by a German sub and went down with a loss of 600 lives. As it sank, four chaplains gave up their lifejackets to shipmates, thereby also perishing in the icy waters. The bravery of Rev. Clark Poling (Dutch Reformed), Rev. George Lansing Fox (Methodist), Father John Washington (a Catholic priest) and Alexander David Goode (a Jewish rabbi) led Congress afterward to mark February 3rd as "Four Chaplains Day."
1985 In South Africa, Desmond Tutu, 53, became Johannesburg's first black Anglican bishop.

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"Prejudices are the chains forged by ignorance to keep men apart."

[SAMWolf]

Morning Brad's Gramma.

[SAMWolf]

Good Morning Aeronaut

[SAMWolf]

Mornign E.G.C.

Heavy fog last night, it's still foggy this morning but a lot less thick.

[SAMWolf]

Nice picture!

[SAMWolf]

Spring has sprung,
the grass has ris.
I wonder where
the birdies is?

[SAMWolf]

Eating in the dark is no fun.

You haven't seen my wife's cooking. ;-)

[SAMWolf]

Morning Feather.