The FReeper Foxhole Profiles M. Scott Carpenter - Dec. 6th, 2004

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[SAMWolf]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
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FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.

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M. Scott Carpenter (1925 - *)

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Scott Carpenter, a dynamic pioneer of modern exploration, has the unique distinction of being the first human ever to penetrate both inner and outer space, thereby acquiring the dual title, Astronaut/Aquanaut.

He was born in Boulder, Colorado, on May 1, 1925, the son of research chemist Dr. M. Scott Carpenter and Florence Kelso Noxon Carpenter. He attended the University of Colorado from 1945 to 1949 and received a bachelor of science degree in Aeronautical Engineering.

Carpenter was commissioned in the U.S. Navy in 1949. He was given flight training at Pensacola, Florida and Corpus Christi, Texas and designated a Naval Aviator in April, 1951. During the Korean War he served with patrol Squadron Six, flying anti-submarine, ship surveillance, and aerial mining, and ferret missions in the Yellow Sea, South China Sea, and the Formosa Straits.


Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter in the cockpit of a T-106.

He attended the Navy Test Pilot School at Patuxent River, Maryland, in 1954 and was subsequently assigned to the Electronics Test Division of the Naval Air Test Center, also at Patuxent. In that assignment he flew tests in every type of naval aircraft, including multi- and single-engine jet and propeller-driven fighters, attack planes, patrol bombers, transports, and seaplanes.

From 1957 to 1959 he attended the Navy General Line School and the Navy Air Intelligence School and was then assigned as Air Intelligence Officer to the Aircraft Carrier, USS Hornet. Carpenter was selected as one of the original seven Mercury Astronauts on April 9, 1959. He underwent intensive training with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), specializing in communication and navigation. He served as backup pilot for John Glenn during the preparation for America’s first manned orbital space flight in February 1962.



Carpenter flew the second American manned orbital flight on May 24, 1962. He piloted his Aurora 7 spacecraft through three revolutions of the earth, reaching a maximum altitude of 164 miles. The spacecraft landed in the Atlantic Ocean about 1000 miles southeast of Cape Canaveral after 4 hours and 54 minutes of flight time.

On leave of absence from NASA, Carpenter participated in the Navy’s Man-in the-Sea Project as an Aquanaut in the SEALAB II program off the coast of La Jolla, California, in the summer of 1965. During the 45-day experiment, Carpenter spent 30 days living and working on the ocean floor. He was team leader for two of the three ten-man teams of Navy and civilian divers who conducted deep-sea diving activities in a seafloor habitat at a depth of 205 feet.


Astronaut Scott Carpenter before training, April 18, 1962

He returned to duties with NASA as Executive Assistant to the Director of the Manned Spaceflight Center and was active in the design of the Apollo Lunar Landing Module and in underwater extravehicular activity (EVA) crew training.

In 1967, he returned to the Navy’s Deep Submergence Systems Project (DSSP) as Director of Aquanaut Operations during the SEALAB III experiment. (The DSSP office was responsible for directing the Navy’s Saturation Diving Program, which included development of deep-ocean search, rescue, salvage, ocean engineering, and Man-in-the-Sea capabilities.)


Mercury 7. Astronaut Training for Aurora 7 Flight, 1962

Upon retirement from the Navy in 1969,after twenty-five years of service, Carpenter founded and was chief executive officer of Sear Sciences, Inc., a venture capital corporation active in developing programs aimed at enhanced utilization of ocean resources and improved health of the planet.

In pursuit of these and other objectives, he worked closely with the French oceanographer J.Y. Cousteau and members of his Calypso team. He has dived in most of the world’s oceans, including the Arctic under ice.


Closeup of Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter inside his Aurora 7 spacecraft before the launch of the Mercury-Atlas 7 mission

As a consultant to sport and professional diving equipment manufacturers, he has contributed to design improvements in diving instruments, underwater breathing equipment, swimmer propulsion units, small submersibles, and other underwater devices.

Additional projects brought to fruition by his innovative guidance have involved biological pest control and the production of energy from agricultural and industrial waste. He has also been instrumental in the design and improvement of several types of waste handling and waste-transfer equipment.


Scott Carpenter & Mercury Nurse Dee O'Hara

Carpenter continues to apply his knowledge of aerospace and ocean engineering as a consultant to industry and the private sector. He lectures frequently in the U.S. and abroad on the history and future of ocean and space technology, the impact of scientific and technological advance on human affairs, and man’s continuing search for excellence. An avid skier, he spends much of his free time on the slopes in his home of Vail, Colorado, his home for the past fifteen years.

He has appeared as television spokesman for many major corporations, including General Motors (Oldsmobile), standard Oil of California, Nintendo, and Atari; and has hosted and narrated a number of television documentaries. He has also served as actor/consultant to the film industry in the fields of space flight, oceanography, and the global environment.



He has written two novels, both dubbed “underwater techno-thrillers.” The first was entitled “The Steel Albatross.” The second, a sequel, was called “Deep Flight.” His memoir, “For Spacious Skies” which he co-authored with his daughter, Kristen Stoever, was published by Harcourt in January 2003.

Carpenter’s awards include the Navy’s Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, U.S. Navy Astronaut Wings, the University of Colorado Recognition Medal, the Collier Trophy, the New York City Gold Medal of Honor, the Elisha Kent Kane Medal, the Ustica Gold Trident, and the Boy Scouts of America Silver Buffalo. He has been awarded seven honorary degrees.

[SAMWolf]

An Introduction to Project Mercury

The actual beginning of the effort that resulted in manned space flight cannot be pinpointed although it is known that the thought has been in the mind of man throughout recorded history.

Project Mercury astronaut M. Scott Carpenter completing top egress training in white room, Cape Canaveral, Florida.
May 13, 1962
The line he is holding is known as the "man line" which attaches the survival kit to the astronaut. The bag is the survival kit he carries for contingency landings. Clearly visible around his neck is the bag containing the line vest. Carpenter was selected as the prime pilot of the Mercury-Atlas 7, the nation's second manned orbital flight.

It was only in the mid-20th century, however, that technology had developed to the point where man could actually transform his ideas into hardware to achieve space flight. Specific studies & tests conducted by government & industry culminating in 1958 indicated the feasibility of manned space flight.


MERCURY 7 - AURORA 7
Miss Cecelia Bibby, Chrysler Corporations employee, paints name Aurora 7 on Project Mercury spacecraft for second manned orbital flight while mission pilot M. Scott Carpenter looks on.
May 19, 1962

Implementation was initiated to establish Project Mercury, on October 7, 1958. The life of the project was about 4 2/3 years, from the time of its official go-ahead to the completion of the 34-hour orbital mission of Astronaut Cooper. During this period, much was learned about man's capabilities in the space environment & his capabilities in earthbound activities which enabled the successful accomplishment of the objectives of the project in this relatively short period.

Objectives & Guidelines

The objectives of the Mercury Project were as follows:

1. Place a manned spacecraft in orbital flight around the earth.
2. Investigate man's performance capabilities & his ability to function in the environment of space.
3. Recover the man & the spacecraft safely.

Mercury 7 astronaut M. Scott Carpenter seen aboard recovery ship USS Intrepid after flight.
May 1962

After establishing objectives, guidelines were established to insure that the most expedient & safest approach for attainment of the objectives was followed. The basic guidelines that were established are as follows:

1. Existing technology & off-the-shelf equipment should be used wherever practical. The simplest & most reliable approach to system design would be followed.
2. An existing launch vehicle would be employed to place the spacecraft into orbit.
3. A progressive & logical test program would be conducted.

More detailed requirements for the spacecraft were established as follows:

1. The spacecraft must be fitted with a reliable launch-escape system to separate the spacecraft & its crew from the launch vehicle in case of impending failure.
2. The pilot must be given the capability of manually controlling spacecraft attitude.
3. The spacecraft must carry a retrorocket system capable of reliably providing the necessary impulse to bring the spacecraft out of orbit.
4. A zero-lift body utilizing drag braking would be used for reentry.
5. The spacecraft design must satisfy the requirements for a water landing.

It is obvious by a casual look at the spacecraft that requirements (1), (3), & (4) were followed as evidenced by the escape tower, the retrorocket system on the blunt end of the spacecraft, & the simple blunt-body shape without wings. Items (2) & (5) were made apparent by the manner in which the astronauts manually controlled the attitude of the spacecraft during orbital maneuvers, retrofire, & reentry, & by the recovery of the spacecraft & astronauts after each flight by recovery forces which included aircraft carriers & destroyers. Basically, the equipment used in the spacecraft was derived from off-the-shelf equipment or through the direct application of existing technology, although some notable exceptions were made in order to improve reliability & flight safety. These exceptions include:

1. An automatic blood-pressure measuring system for use in flight.
2. Instruments for sensing the partial pressures of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the oxygen atmosphere of the cabin & suit, respectively.
3. Some may argue with the detailed way in which the second basic guideline of simplicity was carried out; however, this guideline was carried out to the extent possible within the volume, weight, & redundancy requirements imposed upon the overall system. The effect of the weight & volume constraints, of course, resulted in smaller & lighter equipment that could not always be packaged in an optimum way for simplicity.

Left to Right: L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Walter M. Schirra Jr., Alan B. Shepard Jr., Virgil I. Grissom, John H. Glenn Jr., Donald K. Slayton und M. Scott Carpenter.

Redundancy probably increased the complexity of the systems more than any other requirement. Because the spacecraft had to be qualified by space flight first without a man onboard & then because the reactions of man & his capabilities in the space environment were unknown, provisions for a completely automatic operation for the critical spacecraft functions were provided. To insure reliable operation, these automatic systems were backed up by redundant automatic systems.

The third guideline was satisfied by an adaptation of an existing missile, the Atlas. The modifications to this launch vehicle for use in the Mercury Project included the addition of a means to sense automatically impending catastrophic failure of the launch vehicle & provisions to accommodate a new structure that would form the transition between the upper section of the launch vehicle & the spacecraft. Also, the pilot-safety program was initiated to insure the selection of quality components.

[SAMWolf]

Aurora 7 MA-7 (24)



Aurora 7
Pad LC-14 ()
Atlas (7)

Crew: M. Scott Carpenter

Milestones: n/a

Payload: Spacecraft No. 18 (Aurora 7), Vehicle Number 107-D

Mission Objective: Corroborate man-in orbit

Orbit:

Altitude: 166.8 by 99.9 statute miles
Orbits: 3
Period: 88min 32 secs
Duration: 0 Days, 4 hours, 56 min, 5 seconds
Distance: 76,021 statute miles
Velocity: 17,549
Max Q: 967
Max G: 7.8

Launch:


Aurora 7 spacecraft is lowered into position for mating to Atlas booster.
May 13, 1962
Spacecraft No. 18 was named "Aurora 7" by its prime pilot, astronaut Scott Carpenter. Launch Complex 14 was preparing for the programmed three orbit mission weeks in advance as the countdown nears T-0.

May 24, 1962. 7:45:16 EST. The launch countdown proceeded almost perfectly, with only a last-minute hold of 45 minutes occurring at the T-11 minutes mark in anticipation of better camera coverage and to allow aircraft to check the atmospheric refraction index in the vicinity of Cape Canaveral. The launch vehicle used to accelerate Carpenter and the Aurora 7 spacecraft was an Atlas D. The differences between the Atlas 107-D launch vehicle and the Atlas 109-D used for MA-6 involved retention of the insulation bulkhead and reduction of the staging time from 131.3 to 130.1 seconds after liftoff.


The Mercury-Atlas 7, carrying astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, was launched by NASA from pad 14 at Cape Canaveral, Florida, on May 24, 1962.

The performance of the launch vehicle was exceptionally good with the countdown, launch and insertion conforming very closely to planned conditions. At sustainer engine cut off (SECO) at T+5min10sec, all spacecraft and launch vehicle systems were go and only one anomaly occurred during launch. The abort sensing and implementation system (ASIS) Hydraulic switch No. 2 for the sustainer engine actuated to the abort position at 4:25 minutes after liftoff. Pressure transducer H52P for the sustainer hydraulic accumulator was apparently faulty and showed a gradual decrease in pressure from 2,940 psia to 0 between 190 and 312 seconds after liftoff. Another transducer in the sustainer control circuit indicated that pressure had remained at proper levels so the switch did not actuate until the normal time after SECO.

Landing:

May 24, 1962. 12:41 p.m. EST. 19deg 29min North 64deg 05min West.


Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, prime pilot for the Mercury-Atlas 7 (MA-7) mission, is seen being recovered from Atlantic Ocean after MA-7 flight. A diver helps Carpenter into a life raft while the capsule floats nearby

Spacecraft overshot intended target area by 250 nautical miles. After landing, Carpenter reported a severe list angle on the order of 60 degrees from vertical and post flight photographs of the spacecraft taken after egress indicated approximately a 45 degree list angle. An Air Rescue Service SA-16 amphibian aircraft established visual contact with the spacecraft 39 minutes after landing (1:20pm) and the USS Farragut, located about 90 nautical miles southwest of the calculated landing position was first to reach the capsule.


Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, prime pilot for the Mercury-Atlas 7 (MA-7) mission, talks with President John F. Kennedy via radio-telephone from aboard the carrier U.S.S. Intrepid. Carpenter was recovered by a helicopter and taken to the U.S.S. Intrepid after a 4 hour and 56 minute mission in space.

Carpenter was picked up by HSS-2 helicopters dispatched from the aircraft carrier USS Intrepid (CVS-11) while the destroyer USS Farragut (DLG-6) watched the Aurora 7 capsule until it could be retrieved with special equipment aboard the USS John R. Pierce about 6 hours later. A Considerable amount of sea water was found in the spacecraft which was believed to have entered through the small pressure bulkhead when Carpenter passed through the recovery compartment into the life raft. The spacecraft was delivered by destroyer to Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico with subsequent return to Cape Canaveral by airplane.

Mission Highlights:


Liftoff of the Mercury 7/Aurora 7 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
May 24, 1962
Astronaut Malcom Scott Carpenter inside the Aurora 7 spacecraft atop the Atlas booster seconds after leaving pad 14 at Cape Canaveral. Carpenter became the second American to orbit the Earth and after three orbits landed approximately 200 miles east of Puerto Rico where he was plucked from the ocean by long range Navy helicopters from the carrier USS Intrepid.

Total time weightless 4 hours 39min 32sec. The performance of the Mercury spacecraft and Atlas launch vehicle was excellent in nearly every respect. All primary mission objectives were achieved. The single mission critical malfunction which occurred involved a failure in the spacecraft pitch horizon scanner, a component of the automatic control system. This anomaly was adequately compensated for by the pilot in subsequent in-flight operations so that the success of the mission was not compromised. A modification of the spacecraft control-system thrust units were effective. Cabin and pressure-suit temperatures were high but not intolerable. Some uncertainties in the data telemetered from the bioinstrumentation prevailed at times during the flight; however, associated information was available which indicated continued well-being of the astronaut. Equipment was included in the spacecraft which provided valuable scientific information; notably that regarding liquid behavior in a weightless state, identification of the airglow layer observed by Astronaut Glenn, and photography of terrestrial features and meteorological phenomena. An experiment which was to provide atmospheric drag and color visibility data in space through deployment of an inflatable sphere was partially successful. The flight further qualified the Mercury spacecraft systems for manned orbital operations and provided evidence for progressing into missions of extended duration and consequently more demanding systems requirements.

Additional Sources:

astro.zeto.czest.pl
observe.arc.nasa.gov www.cardmagnets.com
raumfahrt.moseisley.de
www.historyforsale.com
www.schicklerart.com
www.apolloexplorer.co.uk
www.farthestreaches.com

[SAMWolf]

Project Mercury Goals

Initiated in 1958, completed in 1963, Project Mercury was the United States' first man-in-space program. The objectives of the program, which made six manned flights from 1961 to 1963, were specific:

• To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth;
• To investigate man's ability to function in space;
• To recover both man and spacecraft safely.

[SAMWolf]

Here are the recommended holiday mailing dates for military mail this year:

For military mail addressed TO APO and FPO addresses, the mailing dates are:

• Parcel Post - November 13
• Space Available - November 27
• Parcel Airlift - December 4
• Priority Mail, First Class cards and letters - Mailing date is December 11 to all locations
  • EXCEPT for locations starting with ZIP 093. For all locations starting with ZIP 093 the mailing date is December 6.
• Express Mail - December 20 to locations where Express Mail service is available. Check with your local post office to determine which APO/FPO addresses can receive Express Mail. Note: This service is not available to ships.

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For military mail FROM APO and FPO addresses, the mailing dates are:

• Space Available - November 20
• Parcel Airlift - December 4
• Priority Mail, First Class cards and letters - December 11
• Express Mail - December 18 from APO/FPO addresses where Express Mail can be accepted. Check with your local military post office to determine if they can accept Express Mail. Note: This service is not available from ships.

Thanks for the information StayAtHomeMother

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Veterans for Constitution Restoration is a non-profit, non-partisan educational and grassroots activist organization. The primary area of concern to all VetsCoR members is that our national and local educational systems fall short in teaching students and all American citizens the history and underlying principles on which our Constitutional republic-based system of self-government was founded. VetsCoR members are also very concerned that the Federal government long ago over-stepped its limited authority as clearly specified in the United States Constitution, as well as the Founding Fathers' supporting letters, essays, and other public documents.

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Actively seeking volunteers to provide this valuable service to Veterans and their families.

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UPDATED THROUGH APRIL 2004



The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul

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[snippy_about_it]

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Good Monday Morning Everyone.


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[Aeronaut]

Good morning Snippy.

[E.G.C.]

Good morning, Snippy and everyone at the Foxhole.

[GailA]

Good morning..raining again here in Memphis.

[The Mayor]

December 6, 2004

It's The Knees

Read: James 5:13-18

Continue earnestly in prayer. —Colossians 4:2

Bible In One Year: Daniel 3-4; 1 John 5

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Both of my knees were hurting, and I could not figure out why. I hadn't done anything to damage them or put undo pressure on them.

Or had I? I recalled that over the previous few days I had been working on the walls in our house, scrubbing them and getting them ready for painting. And then I had painted them. All the while, as I stood on the short ladder to reach the top, I had been pressing my knees against the ladder for balance. I was, in effect, being supported by my knees.

Then a new thought came to mind: When was the last time my knees hurt because I was on them praying? It had been a while.

Although it's true that people pray all the time without kneeling, the question I asked myself is a convicting one. Whether we are on our knees, standing up, or seated, how often do we use prayer to support ourselves? We can find help from many sources—friends, counselors, books—but there's nothing better than the support and strength we get from God when we pray.

"The effective, fervent prayer of a righteous man avails much" (James 5:16). Prayer has power. We are to "continue earnestly in prayer, being vigilant" (Colossians 4:2).

How are your knees? —Dave Branon

When I kneel before my Master,
I can feel His presence there,
And the load of care and sorrow
Seems much easier to bear. —Anon.

Prayer does not require eloquence but earnestness.

[alfa6]

Monday Bump for the Foxhole.

SAM, snippy is there a place close by that has used display fixtures for sale cheap or rent?

Good Luck

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

[alfa6]

In honor of SAM and snippy trying to get open inspite of the nefarious display vendor I have TWO nose close ups today.

Any excuse to post a nose close up is good enough for me, eh!

And a FG-1D Corsair for PE :-)

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

[Professional Engineer]

Good morning ladies. Flag-o-gram.

An F-14 "Tomcat" fighter jet assigned to the "Jolly Rogers" of Fighter Squadron One Zero Three (VF-103), September 26, 2002, United States Navy.
Photographer: Journalist 2nd Class David Valdez, United States Navy

Anchor Thrown Away size

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone!

[Soaring Feather]

WOO HOO PE, WOW fabulous Flag-o-gram today!

[Iris7]

My mother is quite proud that Scott Carpenter is a relative of hers on her father's side, attached through my great grandparents I think, though maybe more remote than that.

I take a certain quiet satisfaction in my relative, also.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on December 06:
1608 George Monck/Monk, English general/gov of Scotland
1732 Warren Hastings, England, 1st governor-General of India (1773-84)
1743 Franz Nikolaus Novotny, composer
1822 John Eberhard, built 1st large-scale pencil factory in US
1833 John Singleton Mosby, lawyer/Col ("Grey Ghost" of Confederate Army), died in 1916 (gave riding lessons to young George Patton)
1872 William S. Hart (actor, director, silent screen star: Wild Bill Hickock)
1886 Joyce (Alfred) Kilmer (poet: Trees)
1887 Lynn Fontanne (actress: The Pirate with Alfred Lunt)
1896 Ira Gershwin (Israel Gershvin) (musician, lyricist: Lady Be Good, The Man I Love, The Man That Got Away)
1898 Alfred Eisenstaedt, photo journalist
1903 Tony Lazzeri (Baseball Hall of Famer)
1906 Agnes Moorehead (actress: Bewitched)
1918 Harold Horace Hopkins, inventor (Endoscope)
1920 Dave Brubeck, Concord CA, jazz pianist/composer (Gates of Justice, Take 5)
1921 Otto Graham (football: Cleveland Browns [1950-55)
1924 Wally Cox (actor)
1930 Andy Robustelli (football)
1940 Steve Alaimo (singer: Every Day I Have to Cry Some)
1941 Richard Speck, mass murderer (killed 8 student nurses in 1966)
1945 James Naughton (actor)
1948 Jonathan King (songwriter, singer: Everyone's Gone to the Moon)
1951 Gavin Kirk (hockey)
1953 Thomas Hulce, Plymouth Mi, actor (Amadeus, Equus, Echo Park)

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Deaths which occurred on December 06:
1185 Afonso I the Conqueror, king of Portugal (1143-85), dies at 76
1531 John Volkertsz Trimaker, Dutch Anabaptist leader, beheaded
1640 Matthijs Elsevier, Flemish/Dutch book publisher/merchant, dies at 75
1779 Jean-Baptiste Simeon Chardin, French still life painter, dies at 80
1793 Marie Jeanne Becu, Comtesse du Barry, mistress of Louis XV, guillotined in Paris
1882 Anthony Trollope, writer, dies
1889 Jefferson Davis, Pres of Confederate States (1861-5), dies at 81
1892 E Werner von Siemens, German industrialist (Siemens AG), dies at 75
1926 Claude [Oscar] Monet, French painter (impressionist), dies at 86
1949 Leadbelly, [Huddie William Ledbetter], blues singer, dies at 64
1988 Roy Orbison US Rock singer (Pretty Woman, Only the Lonely)
1989 Frances Bavier actress (Aunt Bee-Andy Griffith Show) dies at 86
1993 Don Ameche, actor (Cocoon), dies of prostate cancer at 85
1995 Dmitri Antonovitch Volkogonov, soldier/historian, dies at 67
1995 James "Scotty" Barrett Reston, journalist, dies at 86
1996 [Alvin] Pete Rozelle, commissioner (NFL), dies at 70

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1963 GORTON THOMAS F.---TOLEDO OH.
[AC CRASH 2 REMAINS RECOVERED N/SUBJ]
1963 HILL RICHARD D.---HOUSTON TX.
[AC CRASH 2 REMAINS RECOVERED N/SUBJ]
1967 PASTVA MICHAEL JAMES---LAKEWOOD OH.
1968 MORALES FRANK A.
1970 TAYLOR WALTER J. JR.---MOSS POINT MS.

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
0963 Leo VIII elected Pope
1160 Jean Bodels "Jeu de St Nicholas" premieres in Arras
1196 Northern Dutch coast flooded, "Saint-Nicolaas Flood"
1240 Mongols under Batu Khan occupy & destroy Kiev
1424 Don Alfonso V of Aragon grants Barcelona the right to exclude Jews
1492 Haiti discovered by Columbus, at Môle Saint Nicolas
1527 Pope Clemens VII flees to Orvieto
1534 Quito, Ecuador founded by Spanish
1631 1st predicted transit of Venus (Kepler) is observed
1648 Pride's Purge: Thomas Pride prevents 96 presbyterians from sitting in English parliament
1732 1st play in American colonies acted by professional players, New York NY
1745 Bonnie Prince Charlies army retreats to Scotland
1756 British troops under Robert Clive occupy Fulta India
1768 1st edition of "Encyclopedia Brittanica" published (Scotland)
1787 Laurens Pieter van de Speigel appointed Dutch pension advisor
1790 Congress meets in Philadelphia, new temporary US capitol
1820 US President James Monroe re-elected, Daniel D Tompkins Vice-President
1822 Veterinary school in Utrecht opens
1825 President John Adams suggests establishment of a US observatory
1843 Amsterdam-Utrecht railway opens
1846 The opera "La Damnation de Faust" is produced (Paris)
1849 Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Maryland
1862 President Lincoln orders hanging of 39 Santee Sioux Indians (Minnesota uprising)
1864 Battle of Deveaux's Neck SC
1865 13th Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery
1866 Chicago water supply tunnel 3,227 meters into Lake Michigan completed
1870 Joseph H Rainey, 1st black in the House of Representatives (South Carolina)
1875 44th Congress (1875-77) convenes
1876 1st crematorium in US begins operation, Washington PA
1876 City of Anaheim incorporated for 2nd time
1876 US Electorial College picks Representative Hayes as President
1877 Washington Post publishes 1st edition
1877 1st sound recording made (Thomas Edison)
1882 Atmosphere of Venus detected during transit
1884 Aluminum capstone set atop Washington Monument, Washington DC
1903 Sumatra Atjehs guerilla leader Panglima Polim surrenders
1904 Theodore Roosevelt confirms Monroe-doctrine (Roosevelt Corollary)
1907 Coal mine explosions in Monongah WV, kills 361
1912 China votes for universal human rights
1913 White Sox beat Giants 9-4 in exhibition game in Tokyo
1914 German troops over run Lódz
1916 German army under General Mackensen occupies Bucharest
1917 Finland declares independence from Russia (National Day)
1917 French munitions ship "Mont Blanc" explodes in Halifax, kills 1,639+ and injures 9,000+
1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty signed; Ireland receives dominion status; partition creates Northern Ireland
1922 1st constitution of Irish Free State comes into operation
1922 1st electric power line commercial carrier in US, Utica NY
1923 1st presidential address broadcast on radio (President Calvin Coolidge)
1925 Record 73,000 pay to watch Chicago Bears beat New York Giants 19-7
1925 Italy, Britain & Egypt sign Jaghbub accord (Italy)
1929 Turkey introduces female suffrage
1933 Ban on James Joyce' "Ulysses" in US, lifted
1938 French/German non-attack treaty drawn (Ribbentrop-Bonnet Pact)
1939 5th Heisman Trophy Award: Nile Kinnick, Iowa (HB)
1939 Cole Porter's musical "Du Barry was a Lady" premieres in New York NY
1940 Gestapo arrest German resistance fighter/poster artist Helen Ernst
1940 Pietro Badoglio resigns as viceroy of Ethiopia
1941 NYC Council agrees to build Idlewild (Kennedy) Airport in Queens
1941 Dutch & British pilots see Japanese invasion fleet at Singapore
1941 King Leopold of Belgium marries Lilian Baels
1942 Queen Wilhelmina announces Dutch Commonwealth
1942 RAF bombs Philips factory (150 die)
1944 US 95th Infantry division reaches Westwall
1950 Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Mirabile illud
1952 Czechoslovakian government tells Israeli ambassador, he's persona non grata
1953 Brown's Lou "Toe" Groza kicks 8 PATs, beating Giants 62-14
1954 Simone de Beauvoir receives Prix Goncourt
1955 New York psychologist Joyce Brothers won "$64,000 Question" on boxing
1956 Nelson Mandela & 156 others arrested for political activities in South Africa
1957 1st US attempt to launch a satellite fails-Vanguard rocket blows up
1957 AFL-CIO votes to expel Teamsters (readmitted in October 1987)
1957 Indonesia begins nationalizing Dutch possessions
1960 American League grants Gene Autry a franchise, Los Angeles Angels
1961 27th Heisman Trophy Award: Ernie Davis, Syracuse (HB)
1962 US abandons Skybolt ballistic missile program
1963 Beatles begin a tradition of releasing a Christmas record for fans
1964 KTVR TV channel 13 in La Grande OR (PBS) begins broadcasting
1964 President Segni of Italy resigns
1965 2 trucks crashed into a crowd of dancers (Sotouboua Togo) kills 125
1966 Polio vaccination becomes obligatory in Belgium
1967 USSR performs nuclear test at Sary Shagan USSR
1968 Baseball dismisses Commissioner William Eckert after 3 years
1968 PBA National Championship won by Wayne Zahn
1969 300,000 attend the Altamont CA, rock concert feature Rolling Stones
1969 "Buck White" closes at George Abbott Theater NYC after 7 performances
1969 USSR performs nuclear test
1970 Cleveland Cavaliers 1st NBA home victory, beating Buffalo Braves 108-106
1971 Lewis Franklin Powell confirmed as Supreme Court justice
1973 Gerald Ford sworn-in as 1st unelected Vice-President, succeeds Spiro T Agnew
1973 National League votes to move San Diego Padres to Washington DC (didn't happen)
1973 Bahrain's constitution goes into effect
1975 Senator Robert Dole & Elizabeth Hanford marry
1976 War criminal Pieter Menten arrested in Zurich
1977 South Africa grants Bophuthatswana independence
1978 Spain adopts constitution
1980 NASA launches Intelsat V
1981 Rob de Castella of Australia sets Marathon record at 2:08 18
1982 11 soldiers & 6 civilians die by bomb planted by Irish National Liberation Army exploded in a pub in Ballykelly, Northern Ireland
1982 Senator Ted & Joan Kennedy divorce
1982 Bomb attack on Londonderry, North Ireland disco, 17 killed
1983 A bomb planted on a bus in Jerusalem explodes, kills 6 Israelis
1984 Hijackers aboard Kuwaiti jetliner kill 2nd hostage
1984 France performs nuclear test
1985 UK joins US Star Wars project
1986 52nd Heisman Trophy Award: Vinny Testaverde, Miami FL (QB)
1986 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1987 3 satanist Missouri teenagers bludgeon comrade to death for "fun"
1987 Christa Rothenburger skates female world record 500 meter (39.39 seconds)
1988 Arafat meets prominent American Jews in Stockholm, Sweden
1988 Milwaukee Bucks win their 1,000th NBA game (2nd fastest)
1988 Nelson Mandela is transferred to Victor Vester Prison, Capetown
1988 STS-27 Atlantis lands in California after secret mission
1988 Carlos Andrés Pérez re-elected President of Venezuela
1989 Mafia drug kingpin bombs security force at Bogotá, kills 52
1989 Worst Canadian mass murder: Marc Lepine kills 14 women at University of Montréal
1990 NHL grants conditional membership to Tampa Bay Lightning
1990 Saddam anounces release of all foreign hostages
1990 Shoeless Joe Jackson's signature is sold for $23,100
1991 "Star Trek VI-The Undiscovered Country" premieres
1991 "Les Miserables" opens at Circustheater, Scheveningen
1992 81st Davis Cup: USA beats Switzerland in Fort Worth (3-1)
1992 300,000 Hindus destroy mosque of Babri India, 4 die but riots kill another 2,500 people.
1992 San Francisco 49er Jerry Rice catches NFL record 101st touchdown
1992 San Francisco Giants renig on $43 million pact with Barry Bonds
1993 Gunda Niemann skates ladies world record 5 km 7 13.29
1994 Maltese Falcon auctioned for $398,590
1994 Orange County California files for bankruptcy
1994 Warner Brothers announces a 5th TV network to begin on Jan 11, 1995
1995 Michael Jackson collapses will rehearsing for an HBO special
1997 The Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia's Far East was hit by one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded, measuring 8.5 to 9 in magnitude. (no reported deaths)

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"
Bahrain : Ruler's Ascension Day
Ecuador : Day of Quito (1534)
Finland : Independence Day (1917)
US : Holidays Are Pickle Days (thru 12-31)
International Calendar Awareness Month

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Religious Observances
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Lutheran : Memorial of Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra patron of children

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Religious History
1538 German Reformer Martin Luther stated: 'With all our thoughts we can't get beyond the visible and physical. No man's heart comprehends eternity.'
1769 During the illness of a close friend, English poet William Cowper, 38, penned the lines to the hymn, "Oh, For a Closer Walk with God."
1787 Cokesbury College, the first Methodist college in America, opened its doors in Abingdon, MD. The campus consisted of a three_story building 108 feet long and 40 feet wide.
1930 Missionary linguist Frank Laubach wrote in a letter: 'Sometimes one feels that there is a discord between the cross and beauty. But...a man has not found his highest beauty until his brow is tinged with care for some cause he loves more than himself. The beauty of sacrifice is the final word in beauty.'
1955 English apologist C.S. Lewis wrote in a letter: 'It is a dreadful truth that the state of having to depend solely on God is what we all dread most... It is good of Him to force us; but dear me, how hard to feel that it is good at the time.'

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"No matter what happens... somebody will find a way to take it too seriously."

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Albums We Will Never Buy...
Mariah Carey & Whitney Houston Sing Songs Only Your Dog Can Hear

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You Just Might Be A Scrooge...
If you buy all of your Christmas gifts at a store
that also sells gas
-- you just might be a Scrooge

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Dictionary of the Absurd...
viaduct
1. How tears leave the eye
2. Vy not a duct? (Thanks to the Marx Brothers).

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Famous Last Words...
What do you mean, "I'll be back"?

[SAMWolf]

Morning Aeronaut.

[SAMWolf]

Morning E.G.C.

Cloudy this morning, but no fog. May turn out to be relatively nice.

[SAMWolf]

Morning GailA.

Looks like our rain made it out your way.

[SAMWolf]

Prayer does not require eloquence but earnestness.

I've "argued" that since I was in 8th grade.