The FReeper Foxhole Remembers the Pedestal Convoy and the SS Ohio (8/11-15/1942) - Nov. 3rd, 2004

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[SAMWolf]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.

.................................................................. .................... ...........................................

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Operation Pedestal
and
the SS Ohio Save Malta

In mid-1942, the war was going badly for the Allies. During the first six months U-Boats sank 3,250,000 tons of shipping in the Atlantic (an average freighter was 7,000 tons). Rommel rolled through Northern Africa, threatening the Suez Canal, but stopped 35 miles short of Alexandria, Egypt, because of a shortage of supplies. The Nazi war machine reached Stalingrad, with plans to head through the Caucasus for the Middle East oil fields. The Allies had Gibraltar, Malta, and Egypt. The Axis controlled France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, and most of northern Africa. A few countries were neutral (Turkey), or pro-Axis (Spain).

Malta's strategic airfield was key to holding the Mediterranean, but food and oil had to get through past German and Italian bombers. The 250,000 Maltese and 20,000 British defenders were dependent on imported food and oil.

In September of 1941, 8 of 9 merchant ships arrived in Malta bringing 85,000 tons of supplies.

A February 1942 convoy of 3 ships from Alexandria was unsuccessful -- no supplies reached Malta.



A March 1942 convoy of 3 merchant ships plus a Navy oiler, was accompanied by 4 cruisers and 16 destroyers, while another cruiser and its covering force sailed from Malta to meet them. This escort succeeded in keeping an Italian battleship carrying nine 15-inch guns, 3 cruisers and 10 destroyers away from the convoy, but the freighters faced Germans bombers near Malta. One ship was sunk just 20 miles from Malta. The oiler sank within 8 miles of Malta. The remaining two ships arrived to cheers by the Maltese, but were sunk in the harbor with only a fraction of their cargo unloaded.

SS Ohio and SS Kentucky

Great Britain had no tankers capable of 16 knots, so President Franklin Delano Roosevelt turned over the SS Kentucky and SS Ohio to Britain for use in supplying Malta.


SS Ohio in peacetime colors

The tanker SS Ohio was launched on April 20, 1940 at Sun Shipbuilding Yard in Chester, Pennsylvania for Texas Oil Company (now Texaco). In anticipation of war and due to unofficial conversations between the American military and the oil company, the Ohio was the largest tanker built at that time. At 9,263 tons, 485 feet long, she and her sister ships, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Colorado, Montana, Georgia, Delaware, Indiana held 170,000 barrels of oil. With 9,000 shaft horsepower Westinghouse turbine engines, they were rated at 16 knots, but in sea trials Ohio made 19 knots.


HMS Indominatable and HMS Eagle in a photo taken from HMS Victorious during Operation Pedestal 10-15 Augaust 1942.

A June 1942 convoy sent 6 ships including SS Kentucky, escorted part way by a battleship, 2 aircraft carriers and 4 cruisers east from Gibraltar, Simultaneously, 11 merchant ships escorted by 8 cruisers and 40 others headed west from Alexandria. The capital ships withdrew before the narrow channel between Sicily and Africa, leaving the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Cairo and 13 escorts. The results: 6 merchant ships sunk, 3 damaged, 7 turned back to Alexandria, 2 supply ships arrived in Malta; British Navy - 5 cruisers damaged, 4 destroyers sunk and 1 damaged. No fuel oil got through.



Operation Pedestal in August 1942 was the final effort to supply Malta before she was forced to surrender.

14 merchant ships: Almeria Lykes (C3, US), Brisbane Star, Clan Ferguson, Decaulion, Empire Hope, Dorset, Glenorchy, Melbourne Star, Ohio, Port Chalmers, Rochester Castle, Santa Elisa (C2, US), Waimarama, Wairangi	9 merchant ships sunk, 3 damaged 5 arrive in Malta
2 battleships: Nelson, Rodney	turned back as planned
4 aircraft carriers: Victorious, Indomitable, Eagle, Furious	1 aircraft carrier sunk, 1 damaged, 1 turns back as planned
7 cruisers: Phoebe, Sirius, Charybdis, Nigeria, Kenya, Manchester, Cairo	2 cruisers sunk, 2 turned back as planned
33 destroyers	1 destroyer sunk, 4 damaged
2 tugs, 4 corvettes, 4 minesweepers and 7 motor launches from Malta

The timeline of their passage through the Mediterranean:

August 10-11 night


OPERATION PEDESTAL - EMPIRE HOPE AND WAIMARAMA IN THE CENTRE OF THE PICTURE

• Entered Gibraltar in heavy fog

August 11


HMS Eagle sinks

• 4 torpedoes from German U-73 sink carrier Eagle, 260 men lost, all but 4 planes lost
• Carrier Furious flies off 36 planes for Malta, turns back as planned. Destroyer rams and sinks Italian submarine.
• 40 German bombers attack convoy

OPERATION PEDESTAL. UNDER ATTACK. 1942.

August 12

• 20 Junker 88s attack convoy
• Submarine attacks
• 100 German & Italian planes attack - Deucalion sunk by aerial torpedo; dud hits carrier Victorious
• Italian submarine forced to surface by depth charges
• 30 Junker 87s, attack, carrier Indomitable hit three times; destroyer Foresight damaged by aerial torpedo and had to be sunk
• Cruisers Cairo and Nigeria torpedoed by Italian submarines: Cairo abandoned, Nigeria returns to Gibraltar
• Ohio torpedoed by Italian submarine and on fire. Manages 13 knots after repair.
• 20 Junkers 88s attack. Gunners on Almeria Lykes shoot down 2 planes. Empire Hope bombed, high octane gas on fire, abandoned and sunk by escort. Clan Ferguson hit and explodes, Italian sub rescues 53 survivors. Brisbane Star crippled by aerial torpedo. Cruiser Kenya damaged by torpedo from Italian submarine.

A torpedo hits the Ohio

August 13

• Passed through minefields between Africa and Sicily around midnight. 8 Italian torpedo boats make 15 attacks: cruiser Manchester hit, sinks by evening; Santa Elisa (US) hit by torpedo, entire ship on fire and abandoned; Almeria Lykes (US) torpedoed, sinks immediately; British Wairangi and Glenorchy torpedoed, on fire, no survivors from Glenorchy; Rochester Castle torpedoed but keeps going. It is now 4 AM.
• Fighters from Malta fired on by convoy because communications out. 12 Junkers 88s attack. Waimarana hit, aviation gas on deck bursts into fire, ship explodes and sinks, 80 of 107 crew killed. Wreckage starts fires on Melbourne Star.
• 60 Stuka dive bombers attack, focus on Ohio. Near-miss buckles plates and forward tank fills with water. Junkers 88 crashes onto Ohio. Junkers 87 bounces off the water, crashes onto Ohio. Ohio avoids mines, torpedoes and circling torpedoes, 2 bombs straddle her, lift her out of the water. Boilers blown, she is dead in the water at 10:50 AM.
• Dorset disabled by 3 near misses, engine room flooded, high octane gas on fire, abandoned. 12 Italian torpedo bombers attack, Port Chalmers catches torpedo in paravane (submerged floats meant to catch mines). Bomb nearby sets Kenya's forward engine room on fire; fire put out. Fighters from Malta provide some air cover.
• Rochester Castle, Port Castle, Melbourne Star steam on to meet escort from Malta, reach Grand Harbour in Valetta at 6 PM.
• Junkers 88 attacks on Ohio. Destroyer tries to tow Ohio, but Ohio wants to go sideways. Ohio nearly split in two as bomb hits in same area as torpedo. Crew abandons ship. Italian torpedo bombers attack.

August 14


The heavily damaged Brisbane Star arrives in La Valetta

• Brisbane Star arrives Malta
• Frederick Larsen, Jr., third mate and Francis Dales, Cadet-Midshipman from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, crew members on the Santa Elisa volunteer to man guns on Ohio during tow. [Text of Distinguished Service Medal Citation below] Weight of Ohio keeps breaking tow lines. Constant air attacks by 20 bombers. Bomb destroys rudder and makes hole in stern of Ohio. Decks awash. Finally, successfully towed while "sandwiched" by two destroyers.

Two destroyers "sandwich" Ohio as she is towed in the Grand Harbour

August 15


Ohio towed in the Grand Harbour.

• Ohio arrives Grand Harbour 9:30 AM to cheering crowds. The convoy is known as "Il-Konvoj ta Santa Marija" because it arrived on St. Mary's feast day, according to our correspondent in Malta.

August 17

• Germany reports that all the tankers in a recent Mediterranean convoy were sunk and not one of the transports reached their destination in Egypt.

In August 1942, 35% of Axis convoys to North Africa did not get through. In September, Allied forces sank 100,000 tons of Axis shipping, including 24,000 tons of fuel destined for Rommel, leaving him desperately short of supplies during his assault at El Alamein on October 26, 1942.

[alfa6]

2004 President George W. Bush is finally re-elected to his 2nd term by a margin of 3,700,000 votes in the popular vote count.

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

[Valin]

It gets better
South Dakota
U.S. Senate - 827 of 827 Precincts Reporting
Thune, John Rep 197,814
Daschle, Tom (i) Dem 193,279

Say good bye Tommy! Oh I understand he's deeply saddened and disturbed by this.

[Valin]

This is quite on the contrary to the old Europe where the sympathy for GWB is less than 10%

Well I have two words for them. Care to guess what they are?


By the way, the old European societies as well as their press do not hide their depression on the results.

"Better put some ice on that."
Bill Clinton

[Professional Engineer]

Good morning ladies. Flag-o-gram.

He has not been forsaken!

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone!
Praise the Lord!

[The Mayor]

Amen feather!

[PAR35]

It is my recollection that the Germans had originally planned to use paratroops to take Malta, but abandoned the operation after the fiasco on Crete.

[snippy_about_it]

LOL.

Good morning alfa6.

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning EGC.

[snippy_about_it]

Now we all have another chance.

We are so thankful for this day! Good morning Mayor.

[PsyOp]

Deepest regards for your loss.

[snippy_about_it]

On this Day In History

2004 - Kerry reaped the whirlwind.

[snippy_about_it]

Good Morning Matthew! It is a wonderful day.

I also don't mind if I see kerry, chirac, or any of our enemies cry at the results. Ha ha ha!

[snippy_about_it]

Say good bye Tommy! Oh I understand he's deeply saddened and disturbed by this.

LOL, that's right. I nearly forgot that tidbit. So much joy to go around today!

[snippy_about_it]

Great graphic today and Amen.

[snippy_about_it]

Amen and Amen. Good morning feather.

[Valin]

I work with a couple of young lefties, I hope they a prepared for me to by completely and totaly smug and sarcastic.
Gloat
Gloat
Gloat
Gloat
Gloat
Gloat
Gloat
Gloat

[E.G.C.]

Morning, Folks. I'm a little bit tired this morning. Stayed up all night to watch the election results. Didn't go to bed until around Midnight.

[snippy_about_it]

we must listen to phrases like "American lackeys", etc.

Well it's better than being called "french lackeys". LOL.

Not to worry, you are in good company to be hated along with America. And we are in good company with you.

Let them hate us both. We remain strong allies.