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The FReeper Foxhole Remembers the Pedestal Convoy and the SS Ohio (8/11-15/1942) - Nov. 3rd, 2004
www.usmm.org ^

Posted on 11/02/2004 10:54:39 PM PST by SAMWolf



Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


.................................................................. .................... ...........................................

U.S. Military History, Current Events and Veterans Issues

Where Duty, Honor and Country
are acknowledged, affirmed and commemorated.

Our Mission:

The FReeper Foxhole is dedicated to Veterans of our Nation's military forces and to others who are affected in their relationships with Veterans.

Welcome to "Warrior Wednesday"

Where the Freeper Foxhole introduces a different veteran each Wednesday. The "ordinary" Soldier, Sailor, Airman or Marine who participated in the events in our Country's history. We hope to present events as seen through their eyes. To give you a glimpse into the life of those who sacrificed for all of us - Our Veterans.

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Operation Pedestal
and
the SS Ohio Save Malta


In mid-1942, the war was going badly for the Allies. During the first six months U-Boats sank 3,250,000 tons of shipping in the Atlantic (an average freighter was 7,000 tons). Rommel rolled through Northern Africa, threatening the Suez Canal, but stopped 35 miles short of Alexandria, Egypt, because of a shortage of supplies. The Nazi war machine reached Stalingrad, with plans to head through the Caucasus for the Middle East oil fields. The Allies had Gibraltar, Malta, and Egypt. The Axis controlled France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, and most of northern Africa. A few countries were neutral (Turkey), or pro-Axis (Spain).



Malta's strategic airfield was key to holding the Mediterranean, but food and oil had to get through past German and Italian bombers. The 250,000 Maltese and 20,000 British defenders were dependent on imported food and oil.

In September of 1941, 8 of 9 merchant ships arrived in Malta bringing 85,000 tons of supplies.

A February 1942 convoy of 3 ships from Alexandria was unsuccessful -- no supplies reached Malta.



A March 1942 convoy of 3 merchant ships plus a Navy oiler, was accompanied by 4 cruisers and 16 destroyers, while another cruiser and its covering force sailed from Malta to meet them. This escort succeeded in keeping an Italian battleship carrying nine 15-inch guns, 3 cruisers and 10 destroyers away from the convoy, but the freighters faced Germans bombers near Malta. One ship was sunk just 20 miles from Malta. The oiler sank within 8 miles of Malta. The remaining two ships arrived to cheers by the Maltese, but were sunk in the harbor with only a fraction of their cargo unloaded.

SS Ohio and SS Kentucky


Great Britain had no tankers capable of 16 knots, so President Franklin Delano Roosevelt turned over the SS Kentucky and SS Ohio to Britain for use in supplying Malta.


SS Ohio in peacetime colors


The tanker SS Ohio was launched on April 20, 1940 at Sun Shipbuilding Yard in Chester, Pennsylvania for Texas Oil Company (now Texaco). In anticipation of war and due to unofficial conversations between the American military and the oil company, the Ohio was the largest tanker built at that time. At 9,263 tons, 485 feet long, she and her sister ships, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Colorado, Montana, Georgia, Delaware, Indiana held 170,000 barrels of oil. With 9,000 shaft horsepower Westinghouse turbine engines, they were rated at 16 knots, but in sea trials Ohio made 19 knots.


HMS Indominatable and HMS Eagle in a photo taken from HMS Victorious during Operation Pedestal 10-15 Augaust 1942.


A June 1942 convoy sent 6 ships including SS Kentucky, escorted part way by a battleship, 2 aircraft carriers and 4 cruisers east from Gibraltar, Simultaneously, 11 merchant ships escorted by 8 cruisers and 40 others headed west from Alexandria. The capital ships withdrew before the narrow channel between Sicily and Africa, leaving the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Cairo and 13 escorts. The results: 6 merchant ships sunk, 3 damaged, 7 turned back to Alexandria, 2 supply ships arrived in Malta; British Navy - 5 cruisers damaged, 4 destroyers sunk and 1 damaged. No fuel oil got through.



Operation Pedestal in August 1942 was the final effort to supply Malta before she was forced to surrender.

14 merchant ships: Almeria Lykes (C3, US), Brisbane Star, Clan Ferguson, Decaulion, Empire Hope, Dorset, Glenorchy, Melbourne Star, Ohio, Port Chalmers, Rochester Castle, Santa Elisa (C2, US), Waimarama, Wairangi 9 merchant ships sunk, 3 damaged
5 arrive in Malta
2 battleships: Nelson, Rodney turned back as planned
4 aircraft carriers: Victorious, Indomitable, Eagle, Furious 1 aircraft carrier sunk, 1 damaged, 1 turns back as planned
7 cruisers: Phoebe, Sirius, Charybdis, Nigeria, Kenya, Manchester, Cairo 2 cruisers sunk, 2 turned back as planned
33 destroyers 1 destroyer sunk, 4 damaged
2 tugs, 4 corvettes, 4 minesweepers and 7 motor launches from Malta  
The timeline of their passage through the Mediterranean:

August 10-11 night


OPERATION PEDESTAL - EMPIRE HOPE AND WAIMARAMA IN THE CENTRE OF THE PICTURE


  • Entered Gibraltar in heavy fog
August 11


HMS Eagle sinks


  • 4 torpedoes from German U-73 sink carrier Eagle, 260 men lost, all but 4 planes lost
  • Carrier Furious flies off 36 planes for Malta, turns back as planned. Destroyer rams and sinks Italian submarine.
  • 40 German bombers attack convoy

OPERATION PEDESTAL. UNDER ATTACK. 1942.


August 12



  • 20 Junker 88s attack convoy
  • Submarine attacks
  • 100 German & Italian planes attack - Deucalion sunk by aerial torpedo; dud hits carrier Victorious
  • Italian submarine forced to surface by depth charges
  • 30 Junker 87s, attack, carrier Indomitable hit three times; destroyer Foresight damaged by aerial torpedo and had to be sunk
  • Cruisers Cairo and Nigeria torpedoed by Italian submarines: Cairo abandoned, Nigeria returns to Gibraltar
  • Ohio torpedoed by Italian submarine and on fire. Manages 13 knots after repair.
  • 20 Junkers 88s attack. Gunners on Almeria Lykes shoot down 2 planes. Empire Hope bombed, high octane gas on fire, abandoned and sunk by escort. Clan Ferguson hit and explodes, Italian sub rescues 53 survivors. Brisbane Star crippled by aerial torpedo. Cruiser Kenya damaged by torpedo from Italian submarine.

A torpedo hits the Ohio


August 13



  • Passed through minefields between Africa and Sicily around midnight. 8 Italian torpedo boats make 15 attacks: cruiser Manchester hit, sinks by evening; Santa Elisa (US) hit by torpedo, entire ship on fire and abandoned; Almeria Lykes (US) torpedoed, sinks immediately; British Wairangi and Glenorchy torpedoed, on fire, no survivors from Glenorchy; Rochester Castle torpedoed but keeps going. It is now 4 AM.
  • Fighters from Malta fired on by convoy because communications out. 12 Junkers 88s attack. Waimarana hit, aviation gas on deck bursts into fire, ship explodes and sinks, 80 of 107 crew killed. Wreckage starts fires on Melbourne Star.
  • 60 Stuka dive bombers attack, focus on Ohio. Near-miss buckles plates and forward tank fills with water. Junkers 88 crashes onto Ohio. Junkers 87 bounces off the water, crashes onto Ohio. Ohio avoids mines, torpedoes and circling torpedoes, 2 bombs straddle her, lift her out of the water. Boilers blown, she is dead in the water at 10:50 AM.
  • Dorset disabled by 3 near misses, engine room flooded, high octane gas on fire, abandoned. 12 Italian torpedo bombers attack, Port Chalmers catches torpedo in paravane (submerged floats meant to catch mines). Bomb nearby sets Kenya's forward engine room on fire; fire put out. Fighters from Malta provide some air cover.
  • Rochester Castle, Port Castle, Melbourne Star steam on to meet escort from Malta, reach Grand Harbour in Valetta at 6 PM.
  • Junkers 88 attacks on Ohio. Destroyer tries to tow Ohio, but Ohio wants to go sideways. Ohio nearly split in two as bomb hits in same area as torpedo. Crew abandons ship. Italian torpedo bombers attack.


August 14


The heavily damaged Brisbane Star arrives in La Valetta


  • Brisbane Star arrives Malta
  • Frederick Larsen, Jr., third mate and Francis Dales, Cadet-Midshipman from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, crew members on the Santa Elisa volunteer to man guns on Ohio during tow. [Text of Distinguished Service Medal Citation below] Weight of Ohio keeps breaking tow lines. Constant air attacks by 20 bombers. Bomb destroys rudder and makes hole in stern of Ohio. Decks awash. Finally, successfully towed while "sandwiched" by two destroyers.

Two destroyers "sandwich" Ohio as she is towed in the Grand Harbour


August 15


Ohio towed in the Grand Harbour.


  • Ohio arrives Grand Harbour 9:30 AM to cheering crowds. The convoy is known as "Il-Konvoj ta Santa Marija" because it arrived on St. Mary's feast day, according to our correspondent in Malta.
August 17



  • Germany reports that all the tankers in a recent Mediterranean convoy were sunk and not one of the transports reached their destination in Egypt.
In August 1942, 35% of Axis convoys to North Africa did not get through. In September, Allied forces sank 100,000 tons of Axis shipping, including 24,000 tons of fuel destined for Rommel, leaving him desperately short of supplies during his assault at El Alamein on October 26, 1942.



TOPICS: VetsCoR
KEYWORDS: captdudleymason; convoys; francisadales; fredericklarsen; freeperfoxhole; hmsledbury; malta; mediterranean; operationpedestal; royalnavy; ssohio; usnavy; veterans; warriorwednesday
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To: SAMWolf; All

In case you aren't already watvchung it, PBS has a show called "Beyond the Medal of Honor" on tonight. Good stuff!


101 posted on 11/03/2004 7:05:57 PM PST by Professional Engineer (Screaming like a Deaniac !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
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To: SAMWolf; Samwise

God will get me for this but I will tell the story anyways.

In one of my previous lifes I did maintanence for a resturant chain. I acquirred several Drive Thru intercom units. The short version is that I had run a concealed speaker out to the back corner of my yard for nefarious purposes. Anyways I had just finshed making the connections in the house when I noticed a church lady and her two children coming up the street. The kids were about 5 and 7 years old. When they got about even with where the speaker was stashed I open the circuit and growled.

Now I live on a corner lot and the side street is reasonbly steep. Anyways the churchlady ran up the street with a kid clamped to each leg.

Like I said I will pay for this some day but when Mrs alfa6 returned home about 20 minutes later I was still laughing.

I have a bunch of stories about the Intercom stories, most have to do with Halloween.

Regards

alfa6 ;>}


102 posted on 11/03/2004 7:06:45 PM PST by alfa6 (Meeting: an event where minutes are kept and hours are lost.)
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To: Professional Engineer; All

Thank you all for your kind thoughts and wishes.


103 posted on 11/03/2004 7:21:53 PM PST by GailA ( hanoi john, I'm for the death penalty for terrorist, before I impose a moratorium on it.)
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To: alfa6

You're a bad boy. :^)


104 posted on 11/03/2004 7:27:54 PM PST by Samwise (This day we fight! For all that you hold dear on this good Earth, I bid you stand, Men of the West!)
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To: SAMWolf
The whole seaborne element of the operation was dependant on ships of the Italian Navy, which had suffered already during the war at the hands of the Royal Navy, at places like Cape Matapan and Cape Spartivento.

During the battle of Crete, when the Italian Navy could have finished off the British in the Eastern Med., their excuse for not sailing was that the German airmen had not been trained in ship recognition, and were likely to bomb anything they saw. There was some truth underlying the excuse, as I think the Germans did manage to take out an Italian destroyer by mistake.

The Italians were no match for the British in night operations, since they lacked radar and the larger British ships had it. And compared to the British, the Italian gunnery was second rate. With German air cover, however, they should have been able to take care of daylight operations.

105 posted on 11/03/2004 7:36:34 PM PST by PAR35
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To: Professional Engineer

Thanks PE.

I hope they're showing it here.


106 posted on 11/03/2004 7:42:47 PM PST by SAMWolf ( "John Kerry: He knows where he stands...sort of…kind of…perhaps…maybe not.".)
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To: alfa6

LOL! I'm sure God has a sense of humor. ;-)


107 posted on 11/03/2004 7:44:04 PM PST by SAMWolf ( "John Kerry: He knows where he stands...sort of…kind of…perhaps…maybe not.".)
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To: PAR35

The Brits consistantly out fought the Italian Navy in the Med.


108 posted on 11/03/2004 7:45:31 PM PST by SAMWolf ( "John Kerry: He knows where he stands...sort of…kind of…perhaps…maybe not.".)
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To: SAMWolf
The Brits consistantly out fought the Italian Navy in the Med.

The smaller craft, mainly torpedo boats, but in some cases destroyers, had some success against the British ships evacuating Crete (I think they got at least one larger British warship), but the Luftwaffe gets credit for that victory.

109 posted on 11/03/2004 8:00:24 PM PST by PAR35
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To: PAR35

Yeah, but the main Italian battle fleet, BB's And CA's really performed poorly.


110 posted on 11/03/2004 8:25:18 PM PST by SAMWolf ( "John Kerry: He knows where he stands...sort of…kind of…perhaps…maybe not.".)
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To: snippy_about_it; SAMWolf; All

Good evening, Foxhole!

Falling in late but have had a marvelous day gloating at my office. Sorry for the late report :) .. very nice thread today as always!


111 posted on 11/03/2004 8:26:49 PM PST by Colonel_Flagg (Gloating? Us? Well, okay.)
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To: Professional Engineer

"Forbes dead in Ohio". . .

LOL!!!!!


112 posted on 11/03/2004 9:12:22 PM PST by Valin (Out Of My Mind; Back In Five Minutes)
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To: Colonel_Flagg

Good evening Colonel. Isn't gloating fun. Everywhere we drove today and saw a car with a kerry sticker we'd holler "LOSER". ha ha ha


113 posted on 11/03/2004 9:41:33 PM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: Colonel_Flagg

Evening Colonel.

We deserve to gloat after how "mean spirited" this campaign has been. :-)


114 posted on 11/03/2004 9:49:27 PM PST by SAMWolf ( "John Kerry: He knows where he stands...sort of…kind of…perhaps…maybe not.".)
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To: SAMWolf; snippy_about_it; GailA; alfa6; Diver Dave; E.G.C.; The Mayor; U S Army EOD; Valin; ...

My condolences to you, Gail, for the loss of your husband. His last act of serving his country, an inspiration.

"Our fearful trip is done; the ship has weathered every wrack, the prize we sought is won."

The Foxhole accounts of those giving their last full measure of devotion are a continuing inspiration.

Now we have defeated an evil challenger, one who, having fought on behalf of the enemy in Vietnam at a cost of millions of lives, then vigorously promoted the nuclear freeze project created and directed by KGB Active Measures, betrayed our POW-MIAs for his Communist cronies' agenda and his cousin Forbes' fortune, fought to weaken our national security even as he promised nuclear material to the premier terrorist state in the world today.

In concession the great slanderer of our president seemed relieved he would not have to bear that burden. And certainly his decision to curb his lawyer dog from Ohio stemmed from a Swift Boat offer he could not refuse, a secret so shameful in the keeping of a former secnav aide named Mark Sutton, he paled under his orange tan, and butter wouldn't melt in his mouth.

Even the AP awarded NM to Bush, though the Crisco Kid has his crooks working feverishly to manufacture enough fraudulent Kerry votes to reverse that.

A friend who did legal work for the multiple-chinned pol said he figures in the Clinton's future plans. Craig Livingston is busy running a limo service and they need someone with a goiter to steal FBI files.

When Professor Peabody and Sherman get the Way-Back machine overhauled, we'll send a few Phalanx close-in weapons systems to aid our Malta-bound convoys.

Well, Stuka-punk, do you feel lucky?

Just in: It's over.


115 posted on 11/03/2004 11:57:52 PM PST by PhilDragoo (Hitlery: das Butch von Buchenvald)
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To: SAMWolf
Howdy SAM.

I'd say a LOT of folks' moods improved over the day. LOL!
I've sure had happy feet.

116 posted on 11/04/2004 12:17:31 AM PST by radu (May God watch over our troops and keep them safe)
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To: GailA

We have never met, but in a way I know your late husband. I have known good men, and have been with them as they died. We cannot afford the loss of a good man. Not one, ever.

My sincerest best wishes for the living. Your husband is in the best of hands. Prayers are always appropriate. You have mine.


117 posted on 11/04/2004 12:38:05 AM PST by Iris7 (Pray that the President will prevail over our enemy.)
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To: E.G.C.

Gotcha beat. Went to bed at 6:15 AM. What a night! Snippy told me that Ohio was in the bag, but I couldn't sleep anyway.


118 posted on 11/04/2004 12:47:42 AM PST by Iris7 (Pray that the President will prevail over our enemy.)
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To: SAMWolf
One of the reasons that Malta was vital was that Field Marshal Kesselring was sending complete data to Berlin by radio, radio encrypted with Enigma.

You could "find" German convoys a lot more easily when you knew what each ship was carrying, exactly when the were to leave Italian ports, and where and when they were to dock in Africa. A British seaplane would be given a search area, routinely, and what do you know, would find a German convoy! Those seaplanes based in Malta. Perfect cover for Ultra. Heh, heh. As the great American submariner "Mush" Morton of Wahoo put it, "Kill the sons of bitches."

There were so many German and Italian air attacks on Malta that the Anti-Aircraft Artillery lads, though assiduous practice, averaged two point seven (!) shots per downed enemy aircraft, as I recall. Whew.

I remember hearing of a British film made from footage taken from the decks of the ships in Pedestal. Find no google on it, though.
119 posted on 11/04/2004 1:08:43 AM PST by Iris7 (Pray that the President will prevail over our enemy.)
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To: Iris7

"Pray that the President will prevail over our enemy."

"to protect the Constitution from all enemies, foreign and domestic."

My oath is forever. May God help me do my duty.

You know, the President is a young man. He could readily hack another forty years on the job. This is a project worth doing. How about a Constitional Amendment correcting the mistaken anti-Rossevelt amendment, so that two terms is the limit only for Democrat Prty members,and enemies of the Republic?


120 posted on 11/04/2004 1:34:59 AM PST by Iris7 (.....o protect the Constitution from all enemies, foreign and domestic.)
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